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. 2021 May 17;13(5):1700. doi: 10.3390/nu13051700

Table 5.

Effect of matcha or caffeine intake on attention-related tasks.

Task −4 Weeks (1) 0 Weeks (2) 12 weeks (3) Change from Baseline p-Values (KW Test)
(Baseline) (Single Dose) 0 W (4) 12 W (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
ST (part 1) Simple reaction time Placebo 341 ± 40 336 ± 48 333 ± 51 −5.29 ± 40 −8.00 ± 46 0.50 0.78 0.42 0.14 0.67
(ms) [A] Caffeine 343 ± 72 333 ± 55 341 ± 42 −10.0 ± 59 −2.18 ± 67
Matcha 410 ± 228 327 ± 35 356 ± 54 −82.8 ± 203 −52.5 ± 206
(part 2) Complex reaction time, Placebo 719 ± 81 687 ± 72 674 ± 82 −32.4 ± 57 −44.8 ± 66 0.15 0.29 0.58 0.52 0.11
correct (ms) [B] Caffeine 661 ± 91 648 ± 78 676 ± 103 −13.0 ± 76 15.6 ± 113
Matcha 716 ± 180 655 ± 58 638 ± 44 −60.9 ± 161 −77.6 ± 174
(part 3) Stroop reaction time, Placebo 811 ± 88 766 ± 94 755 ± 78 −45.2 ± 92 −55.9 ± 8.0 0.38 0.65 0.93 0.98 0.21
correct (ms) [C] Caffeine 770 ± 96 732 ± 80 759 ± 104 −38.2 ± 54 −11.6 ± 77
Matcha 825 ± 169 761 ± 101 751 ± 85 −63.6 ± 122 −74.3 ± 130
Stroop commission Placebo 0.47 ± 0.5 0.65 ± 0.9 0.59 ± 0.6 0.18 ± 0.9 0.12 ± 0.7 0.09 0.25 0.89 0.01 0.50
Errors Caffeine 0.53 ± 0.8 1.00 ± 1.0 0.82 ± 1.2 0.47 ± 1.1 0.29 ± 1.6
Matcha 0.94 ± 0.7 0.47 ± 0.6 0.77 ± 0.8 −0.47 ± 0.9 † −0.18 ± 1.1
(C/B) × 100 Placebo 114 ± 14 112 ± 11 113 ± 8.8 −1.84 ± 15 −1.16 ± 15 0.68 0.51 0.26 0.66 0.44
Caffeine 118 ± 15 114 ± 11 113 ± 10 −3.93 ± 13 −4.82 ± 18
Matcha 116 ± 10 116 ± 9.1 118 ± 12 −0.21 ± 14 1.46 ± 14
(A/B) × 100 Placebo 47.7 ± 5.9 48.9 ± 5.2 49.5 ± 5.7 1.23 ± 6.7 1.79 ± 7.3 0.24 0.66 0.20 0.19 0.69
Caffeine 51.9 ± 7.9 51.7 ± 8.2 51.1 ± 7.3 −0.24 ± 7.8 −0.89 ± 9.0
Matcha 55.9 ± 16 50.4 ± 7.2 56.2 ± 10 −5.57 ± 12 0.28 ± 11
SAT Correct responses Placebo 44.9 ± 7.5 47.0 ± 8.2 47.3 ± 7.1 2.12 ± 3.7 2.41 ± 3.8 0.45 0.09 0.11 0.06 0.89
Caffeine 47.2 ± 6.4 52.6 ± 5.0 51.3 ± 4.3 5.41 ± 5.8 4.12 ± 6.6
Matcha 42.7 ± 13 50.0 ± 7.2 47.6 ± 7.7 7.29 ± 10 4.94 ± 11
Errors Placebo 4.77 ± 3.3 3.88 ± 3.5 3.65 ± 3.1 −0.88 ± 2.3 −1.12 ± 2.3 0.22 0.13 0.18 0.82 0.84
Caffeine 3.59 ± 3.5 1.88 ± 2.4 2.00 ± 1.5 −1.71 ± 3.2 −1.59 ± 3.9
Matcha 7.24 ± 7.8 3.41 ± 3.4 3.59 ± 3.1 −3.82 ± 7.7 −3.65 ± 7.1
Reaction time, Placebo 1175 ±153 1152 ± 187 1147 ± 176 −23.4 ± 106 −27.9 ± 108 0.88 0.06 0.19 0.049 0.12
correct (ms) Caffeine 1148 ± 129 1033 ± 107 # 1053 ± 121 −115 ± 96 * −94.8 ± 102
Matcha 1154 ± 197 1054 ± 145 1114 ± 148 −101 ± 152 −40.2 ± 190
CPT Correct responses Placebo 39.8 ± 0.4 39.4 ± 1.6 39.4 ± 1.5 −0.47 ± 1.6 −0.41 ± 1.6 0.17 0.53 0.39 0.99 0.92
Caffeine 39.9 ± 0.5 39.5 ± 1.7 39.8 ± 0.7 −0.35 ± 1.8 −0.06± 0.9
Matcha 40.0 ± 0.0 39.9 ± 0.2 39.9 ± 0.2 −0.06 ± 0.2 −0.06 ± 0.2
Omission errors Placebo 0.18 ± 0.4 0.65 ± 1.6 0.59 ± 1.5 0.47 ± 1.6 0.41 ± 1.6 0.17 0.53 0.39 0.99 0.92
Caffeine 0.12 ± 0.5 0.47 ± 1.7 0.18 ± 0.7 0.35 ± 1.8 0.06 ± 0.9
Matcha 0.00 ± 0.0 0.06 ± 0.2 0.06 ± 0.2 0.06 ± 0.2 0.06 ± 0.2
Commission errors Placebo 0.24 ± 0.4 0.06 ± 0.2 0.24 ± 0.4 −0.18 ± 0.4 0.00 ± 0.6 0.95 0.57 0.61 0.73 0.77
Caffeine 0.29 ± 0.7 0.12 ± 0.3 0.24 ± 0.4 −0.18 ± 0.7 −0.06 ± 0.7
Matcha 0.29 ± 0.6 0.18 ± 0.4 0.12 ± 0.3 −0.12 ± 0.6 −0.18 ± 0.6
Reaction time, Placebo 480 ± 46 496 ± 53 482 ± 46 15.6 ± 41 2.00 ± 25 0.90 0.26 0.99 <0.01 0.47
correct (ms) Caffeine 484 ± 44 468 ± 38 480 ± 40 −16.1 ± 19 * −4.35 ± 38
Matcha 515 ± 108 470 ± 38 480 ± 33 −45.5 ± 98 ** −35.8 ± 94
FPCPT Average response time, Placebo 386 ± 64 385 ± 72 348 ± 42 −1.29 ± 53 −37.5 ± 46 0.36 0.11 0.56 0.51 0.99
(part 1) correct (ms) Caffeine 395 ± 82 364 ± 33 355 ± 41 −31.1 ± 60 −39.5 ± 61
Matcha 448 ± 137 403 ± 55 369 ± 55 −44.2 ± 117 −78.3 ± 137
(part 2) Correct responses Placebo 6.00 ± 0.0 5.94 ± 0.2 5.59 ± 1.5 −0.06 ± 0.2 −0.41 ± 1.5 0.13 0.37 0.13 0.10 0.05
Caffeine 5.82 ± 0.5 6.00 ± 0.0 6.00 ± 0.0 0.18 ± 0.5 0.18 ± 0.5
Matcha 6.00 ± 0.0 6.00 ± 0.0 6.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0
Average response time, Placebo 447 ± 56 450 ± 65 428 ± 124 2.94 ± 42 −18.9 ± 119 0.48 0.51 0.85 0.03 0.31
correct (ms) Caffeine 464 ± 56 432 ± 40 441 ± 51 −31.8 ± 41 * −22.7 ± 53
Matcha 473 ± 76 433 ± 43 444 ± 52 −40.4 ± 66 −29.7 ± 67
Incorrect responses Placebo 0.24 ± 0.4 0.00 ± 0.0 0.24 ± 0.4 −0.24 ± 0.4 0.00 ± 0.7 0.06 0.06 0.43 0.048 0.12
Caffeine 0.35 ± 0.6 0.29 ± 0.5 1.00 ± 4.1 −0.06 ± 0.6 0.65 ± 4.3
Matcha 0.00 ± 0.0 0.18 ± 0.4 1.06 ± 3.9 0.18 ± 0.4 * 1.06 ± 3.9
Average response time, Placebo 118 ± 221 0.00 ± 0.0 92.9 ± 175 −118 ± 221 −25.4 ± 321 0.07 0.07 0.38 0.04 0.15
incorrect (ms) Caffeine 158 ± 265 122 ± 206 26.6 ± 110 −35.5 ± 229 −131 ± 302
Matcha 0.00 ± 0.0 72.1 ± 161 59.1 ± 135 72.1 ± 161 * 59.1 ± 135
Omission errors Placebo 0.00 ± 0.0 0.06 ± 0.2 0.41 ± 1.5 0.06 ± 0.2 0.41 ± 1.5 0.13 0.37 0.13 0.10 0.05
Caffeine 0.18 ± 0.5 0.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 −0.18 ± 0.5 −0.18 ± 0.5
Matcha 0.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0

Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Group (inter) analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test (KW) followed by a post-hoc Mann–Whitney U test at each time point to test for inter-group outcomes (control vs. caffeine, control vs. matcha, and caffeine vs. matcha). The p-value was determined using a Bonferroni correction of * p < 0.05/3 = 0.017; ** p < 0.01/3 = 0.0033 vs. placebo group; † p < 0.05/3 = 0.017, caffeine group vs. matcha group. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) The numbers in brackets at −4 weeks, 0 weeks and 12 weeks corresponded to the numbers listed in the column with the p-value for the KW test. Time (intra) was analyzed using Dunnett’s test (T3) for intra-group comparisons, using the baseline condition as the reference (baseline vs. 0 W and baseline vs. 12 W). The p-value was determined using a Bonferroni correction of # p < 0.05/2 = 0.025. Abbreviations: ST, Stroop test; SAT, Shifting Attention test; CPT, Continuous Performance test; FPCPT, 4-part Continuous Performance test; KW, Kruskal–Wallis test; W, weeks.