Table 10.
−4 Weeks (1) | 12 Weeks (2) | Change from Baseline (3) | p-Values (KW Test) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (Baseline) | (1) | (2) | (3) | ||||
Plasma Aβ (1–40; pg/mL) | Placebo | 11 | 251 ± 56 | 353 ± 369 | 102 ± 385 | 0.26 | 0.96 | 0.56 |
Caffeine | 13 | 275 ± 109 | 263 ± 66 | −11.9 ± 77 | ||||
Matcha | 9 | 415 ± 392 | 255 ± 59 | −161 ± 410 | ||||
Plasma Aβ (1–42; pg/mL) | Placebo | 11 | 16.2 ± 18 | 35.3 ± 58 | 19.1 ± 54 | 0.64 | 0.046 | 0.35 |
Caffeine | 13 | 13.3 ± 10 | 35.6 ± 69 | 22.3 ± 71 | ||||
Matcha | 9 | 17.5 ± 20 | 10.6 ± 4.4 | −6.94 ± 22 | ||||
Aβ (1–42)/Aβ (1–40) | Placebo | 11 | 0.066 ± 0.06 | 0.085 ± 0.09 | 0.019 ± 0.05 | 0.69 | 0.12 | 0.36 |
Caffeine | 13 | 0.054 ± 0.04 | 0.128 ± 0.22 | 0.074 ± 0.23 | ||||
Matcha | 9 | 0.040 ± 0.01 | 0.042 ± 0.02 | 0.002 ± 0.02 | ||||
Plasma sAPPα (ng/mL) | Placebo | 16 | 6.51 ± 1.5 | 9.21 ± 3.3 ## | 2.70 ± 3.1 | 0.82 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
Caffeine | 17 | 6.16 ± 1.7 | 9.83 ± 5.8 ## | 3.67 ± 5.4 | ||||
Matcha | 17 | 6.28 ± 2.1 | 7.08 ± 2.1 ## | 0.80 ± 1.8 | ||||
Plasma APP770 (ng/mL) | Placebo | 17 | 27.7 ± 11 | 29.1 ± 15 | 1.49 ± 12 | 0.52 | 0.21 | 0.13 |
Caffeine | 17 | 33.1 ± 15 | 33.5 ± 27 | 0.38 ± 19 | ||||
Matcha | 17 | 28.8 ± 11 | 20.9 ± 5.7 ## | −7.93 ± 10 | ||||
Serum BDNF (ng/mL) | Placebo | 17 | 39.0 ± 13 | 30.6 ± 9.1 ## | −8.40 ± 6.1 | 0.89 | 0.99 | 0.78 |
Caffeine | 17 | 41.0 ± 13 | 31.1 ± 11 ## | −10.0 ± 5.7 | ||||
Matcha | 17 | 38.3 ± 11 | 29.5 ± 7.4 ## | −8.87 ± 5.6 |
Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Group (inter) analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test (KW). (1) (2) (3) The numbers in brackets at −4 weeks and 12 weeks corresponded to the numbers listed in the p-value for the KW test. Time (intra) was analyzed using Dunnett’s test (T3) for intra-group comparisons, using the baseline condition as the reference (baseline vs. 0 W and baseline vs. 12 W); ## p < 0.01. Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β; sAPPα, secreted form of amyloid precursor protein α; APP, amyloid precursor protein; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; KW, Kruskal–Wallis test.