Table 1.

Prevalence of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) according to site/wards of infections and most frequent microorganisms.

Type of HAI	Prevalence	Reference	Healthcare Structure/Hospital Ward	Principal Organisms
Respiratory tract infections	35.8%	Serrano, 2015 [38]	LTCF	-
	31.0%	CCM, 2013 [39]	NH	-
	20.3%	CCM, 2016–2017 [8]	ICU	P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli, A. baumannii
	20.0%	Cairns, 2011 [3]	Acute care hospital	-
	4.4%	Dwyer, 2013 [40]	Hospice	-
	2.6%	Sticchi, 2018 [41]	Geriatric ward	-
	2.4%	Dwyer, 2013 [40]	HHC	-
	2.2%		NH
	2.2%	Koch, 2015 [42]	Tertiary hospitals	-
Urinary tract infections	35.8%	Serrano, 2015 [38]	LTCF	-
	31.0%	CCM, 2013 [39]	NH	-
	18.0%	CCM, 2016–2017 [8]	ICU	E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis
	17.9%	Cairns, 2011 [3]	Acute care hospital	-
	6.6%	Sticchi, 2018 [41]	Geriatric ward	-
	5.2%	Dwyer, 2013 [40]	NH	-
	3.6%		HHC
	3.0%		Hospice
	2.1%	Koch, 2015 [42]	Tertiary hospitals	-
Gastrointestinal infections	15.5%	Cairns, 2011 [3]	Acute care hospital	C. difficile
	8.49%	CCM, 2016–2017 [8]	ICU	C. difficile
	5.0%	CCM, 2013 [39]	NH	-
	1.3%	Sticchi, 2018 [41]	Geriatric ward	-
Soft and skin tissue infections	23.0%	CCM, 2013 [39]	NH	-
	17.0%	Serrano, 2015 [38]	LTCF	-
	10.9%	Cairns, 2011 [3]	Acute care hospital	-
	3.13%	CCM, 2016–2017 [8]	ICU	-
	2.0%	Dwyer, 2013 [40]	HHC	-
	1.6%		NH
	0.5%		Hospice
Bloodstream infections	18.3%	CCM, 2016–2017 [8]	ICU	S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli
	6.6%	Sticchi, 2018 [41]	Geriatric ward	-
	4.5%	Cairns, 2011 [3]	Acute care hospital	-
	0.5%	Koch, 2015 [42]	Tertiary hospitals	-
Surgical site infections	14.4%	CCM, 2016–2017 [8]	ICU	S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, P. aeruginosa
	1.6%	Koch, 2015 [42]	Tertiary hospitals	-
	1.3%	Sticchi, 2018 [41]	Geriatric ward	-

LTCF, long-term care facilities; NH, nursing homes; ICU, intensive care units; HHC, home healthcare.