Table 4.
Effect of processing conditions on oligosaccharides content in pulse extrudates.
| Food Matrix | Extrusion Conditions | Oligosaccharides (mg/g) | Reference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galactinol | Ciceritol | Galactopinitol | Verbascose | Raffinose | Stachyose | |||
| Pea (Pisum sativum L.) |
Non-Extruded | 14.0 | 9.2 | 23.0 | [77] | |||
| Twin; ss: 100 rpm; bt: 150 °C; m: 25% | 18.7 | 9.7 | 18.5 | |||||
| Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) |
Non-Extruded | 2.4 | 6.4 | 41.4 | ||||
| Twin; ss: 100 rpm; bt: 150 °C; m: 25% | 1.9 | 2.2 | 33.6 | |||||
| Dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) |
Non-Extruded | - | n.d. | - | - | 15.64 | 20.19 | [3] |
| Twin; ss: 500 rpm; bt: 160 °C; m: 17% | - | n.d. | - | - | 8.16 | 15.29 | ||
| Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) |
Non-Extruded | - | 2.686 | - | - | 6.05 | 14.14 | |
| Twin; ss: 500 rpm; bt: 160 °C; m: 17% | - | 2.880 | - | - | 7.54 | 18.85 | ||
| Lentil (Lens culinaris L.) | Non-Extruded | - | 2.249 | - | - | 12.08 | n.e. | |
| Twin; ss: 500 rpm; bt: 160 °C; m: 17% | - | 2.372 | - | - | 2.22 | 11.80 | ||
| Pea (Pisum sativum var. laguna seeds) |
Non-Extruded | - | - | - | 6.0 ± 0.03 | 11.4 ± 0.04 | 23.6 ± 0.07 | [112] |
| Single; ss: 60 rpm; bt: 129 °C; m: 40 L/h | - | - | - | 5.3 ± 0.02 | 10.2 ± 0.05 | 20.4 ± 0.05 | ||
| Single; ss: 60 rpm; bt: 135 °C; m: 35 L/h | - | - | - | 4.8 ± 0.03 | 7.4 ± 0.04 | 17.5 ± 0.06 | ||
| Single; ss: 60 rpm; bt: 142 °C; m: 25 L/h | - | - | - | 4.7 ± 0.02 | 7.6 ± 0.04 | 17.3 ± 0.03 | ||
| Lentil (Lens culinaris L. Medik) |
Non-Extruded | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 23.05 ± 0.59 | 1.82 ± 0.05 | 16.54 ± 0.41 | 2.72 ± 0.20 | 22.42 ± 1.74 | [12] |
| Twin; ss: 500 rpm; bt: 160 °C; m: 17% | 1.36 ± 0.16 | 26.65 ± 0.77 | 2.84 ± 0.18 | 13.64 ± 0.46 | 4.22 ± 0.26 | 24.67 ± 0.76 | ||
| Rice (80%) + Pea (Pisum sativum L.) (20%) |
Non-Extruded | 0.27 | n.d. | - | 7.44 | 3.06 | 4.85 | [82] |
| Twin; ss: 900 rpm; bt: 125 °C; m: 2.50 kg/h | 17.87 | 0.34 | - | 10.97 | 6.36 | 7.47 | ||
| Rice (60%) + Pea (Pisum sativum L.) (40%) | Non-Extruded | 0.37 | 0.59 | - | 14.0 | 3.99 | 8.83 | |
| Twin; ss: 950 rpm; bt: 125 °C; m: 2.50 kg/h | 8.84 | 1.05 | - | 22.01 | 8.51 | 11.89 | ||
| Rice (80%) + Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (20%) | Non-Extruded | 2.53 ± 0.10 | 0.78 ± 0.04 | - | 2.84 ± 0.13 | 8.55 ± 0.40 | [43] | |
| Twin; ss: 900 rpm; bt: 125 °C; m: 2.50 kg/h | 2.84 ± 0.11 | 5.44 ± 0.07 | - | 9.46 ± 0.35 | 10.30 ± 0.43 | |||
| Rice (60%) + Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (40%) | Non-Extruded | 3.58 ± 0.03 | 1.14 ± 0.05 | - | 3.87 ± 0.04 | 11.82 ± 0.23 | ||
| Twin; ss: 950 rpm; bt: 125 °C; m: 2.50 kg/h | 3.81 ± 0.10 | 8.92 ± 0.07 | - | 12.21 ± 0.24 | 20.91 ± 0.13 | |||
Twin or single: type of screw; ss: screw speed; bt: barrel temperature; ft: feed temperature; m: moisture; n.e.: not evaluated.