Table 4.
Coenzyme Q10 and degenerative diseases.
| Study Design |
Daily Doses | Effects on Symptoms | Effects on Lab or Instrumental Parameters |
Effects on Hard Outcomes |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD | RCTs | 300–2400 mg | ↑significant mild symptomatic benefit, ↑ great improvements of patients everyday activities such as feeding, bathing, or dressing, ↑ effects on motor performance, = no significant changes in UPDRS | ↑ improvement in NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity, ↑ increase in CoQ10 plasmatic levels | Not investigated |
| HD | RCTs | 600–2400 mg | = no significant changes in: HDRS, in HDFCS, standardized neuropsychological measures and TFC scores | Not recorded | Not investigated |
| AD | RCTs | 400 mg | = MMSE scores and functional ability | = not significant differences in: CSF F-2-isoprostane levels, oxidative biomarkers, CSF Aβ42, tau, and P-tau (181) levels | Not investigated |
| MS | RCTs | 500 mg | ↑reduction of fatigue and depression | ↓ inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6 and MMP-9, = IL-4 and TGF-β levels | Not investigated |
| Glaucoma | RCTs | 100 mg | Not evaluated | ↑ inner retinal function, electroretinogram and visual cortical responses, ↓superoxide dismutase, = malondialdehyde levels | Not investigated |
| Neuropathy | RCTs | 200 mg | No significant improvement of neuropathic symptoms | = no significant differences on HbA1c, fasting blood glucose or lipid profile, ↑mean insulin sensitivity, ↑ total antioxidant capacity concentration, ↓C-protein level, = electromyography measurements | Not investigated |
CSF = cerebrospinal fluids, HDRS = Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale, HDFCS = Huntington’s Disease Functional Capacity Scale, MMSE = mini-mental state examination, NADH = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, RCTs = randomized clinical trials, TFC = total functional capacity, UPDRS = Unified Parkinson’s Diseases Rating Scale. ↓ = it is indicative of a reduction of a marker or a symptom. ↑ = it is indicative of an increase of a marker or a symptom.