Table 1.

Risk factors for CPE cases in Ontario, May 2018 to April 2019 (n = 289). Clinical aspects related to maternal and newborn care.

Risk Factors	Cases	Proportion (%)	Maternal Scenarios/Considerations	Neonatal Scenarios/Considerations
Chronic illness/underlying medical conditions	241	83.4
Inpatient hospitalization in Canada in the last 12 months	155	53.6	Admission for obstetrics reasons such as preterm labor, rupture of membranes	Neonates’ risk of admission to the NICU increases, especially with prematurity
Travel outside of Canada in the last 12 months	151	52.2	Travel especially to endemic countries in preconception period or during pregnancy
Medical/surgical procedure in Canada in the last 12 months	102	35.3	In vitro fertilization, cervical cerclage etcetera
Healthcare received outside of Canada in last 12 months	92	31.8	Maternal obstetric care in higher-risk countries or contacts from these countries such as India and Pakistan as per Public Health Ontario [14]
ICU admission in Canada in the last 12 months	55	19.0		Multiple potential reasons in the NICU including respiratory procedures (ventilation, suctioning), breast feeding, or human milk expression and handling
Endoscopic procedure in Canada in the last 12 months	41	14.2
Previous colonization with CPE	31	10.7	Maternal obstetric care in higher-risk countries or contacts from these countries such as India and Pakistan as per Public Health Ontario [14]
Known contact with a confirmed case	15	5.2	Maternal obstetric care in higher-risk countries or contacts from these countries such as India and Pakistan as per Public Health Ontario (ref Surveillance report)	Kangaroo care, breast milk expression and breast feeding
Other	84	29.1

Note. CPE: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit. This is adapted from Public Health Ontario [14].