Figure 2.

Ultrasound beam simulation. Pressure field of the ultrasound beam from the temporal bone (site of probe application—red line) to the target area in the brainstem (distance of ~80 mm—red dot). The coordinates of the target area have been determined from the brain scan atlas created by Neuromorphometrics, Inc. (https://scalablebrainatlas.incf.org/human/NMM1103, accessed on 5 February 2021), following the methods described in [31]. Based on our model, the pressure wave was reduced by ~75% from the temporal bone to the targeted site due to the skull attenuation (temporal bone thickness: 5 mm) and the estimated pressure of the ultrasound beam in the brainstem resulted 152 kPa.