Table 4. Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and Health (CUSSH) logic model developed in initial discussions.

Background information	CUSSH Inputs (these interact)	Mediators (mapped against inputs)	Outputs	Impact
•    City governance structure, geographic, and population characteristics •    City policies (especially those that support change in cities), plans (city documents) •    Past, present and projected data (city datasets and reported statistics) •    Informal evidence about current situation, potential levers and barriers (written and verbal communication) •    Capabilities, opportunities and motivation (including goals, incentives, values) of stakeholders           ○    Organisations and individuals           ○    Who to engage, for what, how best to engage	•    Scientific evidence (global, national & local) •    Impact & system dynamic models •    City reports •    Capacity development •    Expertise: policy & data analysis; policy/ intervention design including analysis of unintended consequences and trade-offs of policy options; behavioural analysis (including identifying target behaviours, levers and barriers); implementation design and intervention; application of theories of change; •    Evaluation methods •    CUSSH human resources •    Participatory and solution- focused workshops •    Public engagement activities •    Support for funding bids •    Partnership, engagement and co-design •    Capacity development •    Securing additional funding	For key stakeholders, INCREASING CAPABILITY (knowledge and skills) INCREASING OPPORTUNITY (social and material) INCREASING MOTIVATION (incl. beliefs, attitudes, emotions)	For cities: •    Actionable policies •    Implementation strategies – who, what, when, where, how •    Project reports For science: •    Scientific articles •    Conference presentations •    New collaborations •    Cumulative research agenda	For cities: •    Implemented policies amounting or leading to incremental or transformative change •    Increased capacity to enable future change in our partner cities and trigger or support similar processes in other cities For Science: •    Advanced understanding of how different disciplines can work together to bring about transformative change •    Advance understanding of how to bring about city-wide transformative change, •    Lessons learnt about what methods were not effective, and why