ALP	alkaline phosphatase;
ATP	adenosine triphosphate;
CTAB/(-C)	cetrimonium bromide/(chloride);
DES	deep eutectic solvents;
DM	differential metabolite;
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid;
HAP	hydroxyapatite particles;
IEP	isoelectric point;
LDH	lactate dehydrogenase;
MSN	mesoporous silica nanoparticles;
MTT	3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide;
MUA	11-mercaptoundecanoic acid;
NP	nanoparticle;
PAA	poly(acrylic acid);
PEDT	poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene);
PEG	poly(ethylene glycol); PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid);
PVA	poly(vinyl alcohol);
PVP	poly(vinylpyrrolidone);
ROS	reactive oxygen species;
S/(M-)WCNT	single-/(multi-)walled carbon nanotubes;
SPR	surface plasmon resonance;
TNF	tumor necrosis factor