Table 1.

Different shapes of misinformation

Disinfor-mation	False information intended to mislead. Disinformation amplifiers do not always generate it intentionally, e.g., news organizations or social media are frequently manipulated by deceivers to disseminate inaccurate or misleading information [21].
Rumor	Defined as a piece of information whose “veracity status is yet to be verified at the time of posting” [15]. A rumor may not necessarily report a false story, it may indeed be later confirmed as true. What really characterizes a rumor is the insecure basis of its evidence [22].
Clickbait	Used to attract a greater flow of readers to websites through provocative and catchy headlines, appealing to users’ curiosity, and luring them to click on links that do not deliver what was promised [23]. The use of exaggerated titles that prompt to disappointing content is a common characteristic of the clickbaits. The main motivation for using clickbaits is the conversion of traffic into revenue (website monetization).
Satirical News	Use of sarcasm and irony to provoke laughter or mockery to entertain the reader; relies on unexpectedness, frequently entailing a combination of incompatible entities and/or ideas [24]. While it is assumed that consumers of satirical news are aware of the humorous intent of the stories, such narratives can spread misinformation and induce confusion in the audience [17].
Social Spam	Different kinds of attacks (e.g., phishing, spreading of advertising messages and viruses) promoted by malicious agents [16, 25]. Social spam approaches are characterized by two strategies: (1) spammers are able to adapt their spamming patterns to avoid being discovered; and (2) spammers who pretend to be normal users interact with their peers, creating a social network for establishing a chain of influence [26].