Table 3.
Effect of brown algae and fucoxanthin on CRC risk factors in human interventional studies.
| Brown Algae Source | Fx Dosage | Administration Type | Study Design | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 2.4 mg/d | A capsule of algal lipid-rich extract containing 300 mg pomegranate seed oil and 300 mg dw brown algal extract (XanthigenTM) | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial in 151 women with non-diabetic and obese premenopausal (period, 16 weeks) | Reductions of BW, waist circumference, body and liver fat contents, liver enzymes, serum TAG and C-reactive protein | [166] |
| Sargassum horneri | 2.0 mg/d | A capsule containing 220 mg dw S. horneri Fx-rich extract | Single-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial in 60 adults (30–77 y) with normal-weight and obese (period, 8 weeks) | Reductions of blood HbA1c level | [33] |
| Ascophyllum nodosum | 36.5 mg/d | A capsule containing 100 mg dw A. nodosum ethanol/water extract | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial in 80 women (30–65 y) with obese (period, 8 weeks) | Weak inhibition of DNA damage | [171] |
| Ascophyllum nodosum | Unknown/d | A capsule containing 900 mg dw of whole A. nodosum | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial in 43 healthy adults (21–63y) (period, 6 weeks) | Reductions of BW, BMI, TAG, and TNF-α levels, and increase of adiponectin | [172] |
| Undaria pinnatifida | Unknown | Meat containing 70 g ww of U. pinnatifida sporophyll | Interventional study in 12 healthy adults (average 25.4y) (period, 180 min) | Reductions of plasma glucose and its AUC | [173] |
| Undaria pinnatifida | Unknown | 4 g dw of U. pinnatifida (FUERU WAKAME-CHAN®) with rice | An open-label, two-period, placebo-controlled, randomized trial in 26 healthy adults (average 51.5 y) (period, 120 min) | Reductions of blood glucose and insulin levels, and those AUC | [174] |
| Undaria pinnatifida | Unknown/d | A capsule containing 4 g dw of U. pinnatifida sporophyll/d for 4 weeks plus 6 g the alga/d for 4 weeks | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial in 27 adults (average 46.2 y) with at least one symptom of the metabolic syndrome (period, 8 weeks) | Reductions of systolic blood pressure and waist circumference | [175] |
| Undaria pinnatifida | Unknown/d | A snack containing 32 mg dw of U. pinnatifida | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial in 32 adults (average 51.1 y) with obese (period, 8 weeks) | Reductions of LDL-cholesterol, total-cholesterol and resistin level | [176] |
| Saccharina japonica | Unknown/d | 1.5 g dw of fermented S. japonica | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial in 48 healthy volunteers (period, 4 weeks) | Reductions of serum γ-GT and MDA, increases of SOD and CAT activities | [177] |
| Saccharina japonica | Unknown/d | 6 g dw of roasted S. japonica | Interventional study in 52 adults (39–86 y) with normal and abnormal serum TAG levels (period, 4 weeks) | Reduction of serum TAG, Improvements of molecular species of PC, PE, LPC, LPE and FFA in the subjects with abnormal serum TAG level | [178,179] |
| Saccharina japonica | Unknown/d | A capsule containing 2.0 g dw of S. japonica | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial in 70 healthy adults (average 56.6 y) (period, 6 weeks) | Reduction of body fat and improvement of adiponectin level | [180] |
| Unknown | 2.4–8.0 mg/d | A capsule of 100 mg algal lipid-rich extract | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial in 41 women with non-diabetic obese and NAFLD (period, 16 weeks) | Increase of resting energy expenditure | [166] |
| Undaria pinnatifida and Saccharina japonica | 3.0 mg/d | A capsule containing 1.5 mg Fx powder (Fucoxanthin-P1®) | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial in 33 adults (average 42.8 y) with a BMI ≥25 (period, 4 weeks) | Reductions of BMI, fat area, waist circumference | [32] |
Fx, fucoxanthin; Dw, dry weight; BW, body weight; TAG, triacylglycerol; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; BMI, body mass index; AUC, Area under the curve; ww, wet weight; LDL, lipoprotein; γ-GT, γ-glutamyltransferase; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.