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. 2021 May 14;14(10):2564. doi: 10.3390/ma14102564

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic illustration of sheet materials, stacking sequence, and notation of different laminate systems. (a) Bi-material systems with hardness gradients at interfaces: AA1050/AA5754 N2 L1/4 and AA1050/AA5754 N2 L1/8; (b) bi-material system with hardness gradients at interfaces: AA1050/AA5754 N3(Nxr); (c) bi-material system with gradients of hardness and elastic properties at interfaces: AA7075/DC05 N2 L1/4; (d) tri-material systems with gradients of hardness and elastic properties at interfaces: Ti-G1/DC05/AA2024 N3, Ti-G1/AA2024/DC05 N3 and AA2024/Ti-G1/DC05.