Table 2.
Characteristics of the study and control groups.
| Parameter | Study Group n = 59 (100%) |
FA n = 16 (100%) |
ADFA n = 38 (100%) |
AD n = 5 (100%) |
Control Group n = 28 (100%) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| female | 24 (40.7) | 6 (37.5) | 16 (42.1) | 2 (40) | 12 (42.9) | >0.05 |
| male | 35 (59.3) | 10 (62.5) | 22 (57.9) | 3 (60) | 16 (57.1) | |
| Age at specimen collection (weeks) mean ± SD | 15.56 ± 7.00 | 16.63 ± 6.72 | 15.92 ± 7.43 | 16.6 ± 8.39 | 14.29 ± 6.52 | >0.05 |
| Weight at birth (g), mean ± SD | 3495 ± 548 | 3518 ± 493 | 3571 ± 480 | 3588 ± 228 | 3360 ± 686 | >0.05 |
| Mode of delivery, n (%) | ||||||
| Vaginal | 43 (72.9) | 12 (75) | 27 (71.1) | 4 (80) | 16 (57.1) | >0.05 |
| C-section | 16 (27.1) | 4 (25) | 11 (28.9) | 1 (20) | 12 (42.9) | |
| Time of birth, Hbd, mean ± SD | 39.3 ± 1.9 | 39.6 ± 1.7 | 39.5 ± 1.2 | 40 ± 0.7 | 38.7 ± 2.6 | >0.05 |
| Apg scale, points, mean ± SD | 9.6 ± 1.2 | 9.6 ± 0.8 | 9.7 ± 0.6 | 10 ± 0 | 9.2 ± 1.9 | >0.05 |
| Mode of feeding at entry, n (%) | ||||||
| Exclusively breastfeeding | 28 (47.5) | 9 (56.3) | 18 (47.4) | 1 (20) | 13 (46.4) | >0.05 |
| Mixed | 7 (11.0) | 2 (12.5) | 4 (10.5) | 1 (20) | 3 (10.7) | |
| Milk formula | 24 (40.7) | 5 (31.3) | 16 (42.1) | 3 (60) | 12 (42.9) | |
| Breast-feeding, n (%) | ||||||
| No, never | 8 (13.6) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (20) | 5 (17.9) | >0.05 |
| Yes, currently | 35 (59.3) | 11 (68.8) | 12 (57.9) | 2 (40) | 16 (57.1) | |
| Solid food intake, Yes, n (%) | 11 (18.6) | 2 (12.5) | 8 (21.1) | 1 (20) | 8 (28.6) | >0.05 |
| Place of living n (%) | ||||||
| non-rural | 56 (94.9) | 15 (93.8) | 36 (94.7) | 5 (100) | 28 (100) | >0.05 |
| rural | 3 (5.1) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (5.3) | 0 | 0 | |
| Average living space per person, (m2) mean ± SD | 24.6 ± 14.1 | 27.4 ± 17.9 | 24.4 ± 13.1 | 29.2 ± 19.3 | 22.4 ± 12.3 | >0.05 |
| Comiss score, points mean ± SD | 12.71 ± 3.2 | 12.73 ± 1.54 | 13.62 ± 1.96 | 6 ± 0.65 | 5.63 ± 2.74 | <0.00001 |
| Parent’s age, years | ||||||
| Mother | 28.9 ± 4.6 | 29 ± 4.7 | 30.1 ± 3.9 | 29 ± 5.1 | 27.29 ± 4.9 | >0.05 |
| Father | 31.7 ± 5.2 | 32 ± 5.4 | 32.37 ± 4.7 | 31.2 ± 4.1 | 30.6 ± 5.9 | |
| Parent’s education, n (%) | ||||||
| Mother Basic | 6 (10.2) | 4 (25) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (20) | 6 (21.4) | 0.03 |
| Secondary | 19 (32.2) | 4 (25) | 12 (31.6) | 3 (60) | 12 (42.9) | |
| Higher | 34 (57.6) | 8 (50) | 25 (65.8) | 1 (20) | 10 (35.7) | |
| Father Basic | 10 (16.9) | 5 (31.3) | 5 (13.2) | 0 | 7 (25) | >0.05 |
| Secondary | 23 (39) | 5 (31.3) | 15 (39.5) | 3 (60) | 14 (50) | |
| Higher | 26 (44.1) | 6 (37.5) | 18 (47.4) | 2 (40) | 7 (25) | |
| Atopy in family, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 43 (72.9) | 13 (81.3) | 28 (73.7) | 2 (40) | 15 (53.6) | >0.05 |
| Mother | 29 (49.2) | 10 (62.5) | 18 (47.4) | 1 (20) | 6 (21.4) | 0.025 |
| Father | 19 (32.2) | 4 (25) | 14 (36.8) | 1 (20) | 6 (21.4) | >0.05 |
| Siblings | 14 (56.0) | 4 (57.1) | 10 (62.5) | 0 | 4 (40) | >0.05 |
| Siblings, n (%) | 25 (42.4) | 7 (43.8) | 16 (42.1) | 2 (40) | 10 (35.7) | >0.05 |
| Pets at home, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 25 (42.4) | 8 (50) | 15 (39.5) | 2 (40) | 13 (46.4) | >0.05 |
| Dog | 20 (33.9) | 6 (37.5) | 12 (31.6) | 2 (40) | 9 (32.1) | >0.05 |
| Cat | 5 (8.5) | 4 (25) | 1 (2.6) | 0 | 3 (10.7) | >0.05 |
| Tobaco smoke exposure, n (%) | ||||||
| Mother active during pregnancy | 2 (3.4) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (2.6) | 0 | 3 (10.7) | >0.05 |
| Mother during pregnancy passive | 12 (20.3) | 5 (31.3) | 7 (18.4) | 0 | 8 (28.6) | >0.05 |
| Mother during lactation | 1 (1.7) | 0 | 1 (2.6) | 0 | 3 (10.7) | >0.05 |
| Child passive | 14 (23.7) | 5 (31.3) | 7 (18.4) | 2 (40) | 10 (35.7) | >0.05 |
| Antibiotics during pregnancy (3rd tr), n (%) | 4 (6.8) | 0 | 4 (10.5) | 0 | 4 (14.3) | >0.05 |
p-value of Fisher’s exact test is given.