. 2021 May 14;13(5):1664. doi: 10.3390/nu13051664

Table 2.

Exercise-only interventions assessing fat and lean mass in prostate cancer patients receiving ADT.

Study	Study Design	Primary Outcome	Intervention	Body Composition Assessment	Groups (N)	Outcome Variable	Mean Pre-Intervention Values (kg)	Mean Post-Intervention Values (kg)
Aerobic-based interventions
Alberga et al. [32]	RCT	Body composition and fitness	24 weeks 3 ×/week Supervised aerobic exercise at 50–75% HRmax or Supervised resistance exercise at 60–70% 1 RM	DXA	Aerobic (N = 40)
					ADT	BF%	31.2%	33.3% *
						Lean mass	65.0	63.0 *
					No ADT	BF%	29.9%	30.5%
						Lean mass	66.2	65.7
					Resistance (N = 40)
					ADT	BF%	32.6%	33.0% §UC
						Lean mass	63.7	63.4 §UC
					No ADT	BF%	29.7%	29.2%
						Lean mass	66.7	67.3
					Usual care (N = 41)
					ADT	BF%	32.0%	35.2% §R *
						Lean mass	64.2	61.1 §R *
					No ADT	BF%	31.2	30.6
						Lean mass	65.0	65.6
Hvid et al. [29]	Prospective cohort	Insulin sensitivity and body composition	12 weeks 3 ×/week 135 min/week Aerobic interval exercise 50–100% VO2max	DXA and MRI	Prostate cancer exercise (N = 9)	Fat mass	24.4	23.1 #
					Prostate cancer exercise (N = 9)	Trunk fat	14.5	13.4 #
						Lean mass	52.3	52.3
						BF%	31.1%	29.8% #
						Visceral ^a	−8.4% #
						Subcutaneous ^a	−4.9% #
						Intermuscular ^a	0% § #
					Non-cancer exercise (N = 10)	Fat mass	20.5	19.6 #
					Non-cancer exercise (N = 10)	Trunk fat	12.4	11.8 #
						Lean mass	56.3	56.2
						BF%	25.7%	25.0% #
						Visceral ^a	−5.8% #
						Subcutaneous ^a	−2.5% #
						Intermuscular ^a	−8.5% #
Santa Mina et al. [33]	RCT	Quality of life	6 months 3–5 ×/week 90–300 min/week Home-based resistance band/ball/body weight exercise 12–15 RPE Or Home-based aerobic exercise at 60–80% HRmax	Skinfolds	Aerobic (N = 22)	Chest skinfold	35.6 mm	33.5 mm *3
						BF%	28.5%	27.3% *3
					Resistance (N = 34)	Chest skinfold	35.3 mm	33.7 mm
						BF%	28.0%	27.3%
Santa Mina et al. [34]	RCT	Blood biomarkers	See Santa Mina et al. [33]	Skinfolds	Aerobic (N = 13)	BF%	28.4%	26.4%
Santa Mina et al. [34]	RCT	Blood biomarkers	See Santa Mina et al. [33]	Skinfolds	Resistance (N = 13)	BF%	26.5%	25.3%
Uth et al. [35]	RCT	Lean mass	12 weeks 2 ×/week (1–8 weeks) 3 ×/week (9–12 weeks) 90–180 min/week Supervised football training	DXA	Football (N= 29)	Fat mass	27.6	26.3
						Lean mass	53.1	54.0 § *
						BF%	32.6%	31.7%
					Usual care (N = 28)	Fat mass	30.0	29.7
						Lean mass	56.7	56.8
						BF%	32.9%	32.9%
Newton et al. [36]	RCT	Bone mineral density	12 months 2 ×/week Supervised impact exercise at ground reaction force of 3–5 × body weight Resistance exercise 6–12 RM, 2–4 sets 2 ×/week Home-based impact exercise Or 6 months 2 ×/week 150 min/week Supervised aerobic at 65–85% HRmax Resistance exercise 6–12 RM, 2–4 sets Home-based aerobic exercise 6 months Home-based aerobic Resistance (body weight/band) exercise Or 6 months waiting period 6 months 2 ×/week 80 min/week Aerobic exercise at 70% HRmax	DXA	Resistance/impact (N = 57)	Fat mass	24.0	25.1
					Resistance/impact (N = 57)	Lean mass	57.9	59.3
						ASM	25.0	25.9 §6DEL
					Aerobic/resistance (N = 50)	Fat mass	22.8	23.7
					Aerobic/resistance (N = 50)	Lean mass	58.1	58.7
						ASM	25.2	25.6
					Delay/aerobic (N = 47)	Fat mass	27.1	28.3
						Lean mass	59.3	60.4
						ASM	25.3	25.9
Resistance-based interventions
Galvão et al. [37]	Prospective cohort	Muscle function	20 weeks 2 ×/week 120 min/week Supervised resistance exercise 6–12 RM, 2–4 sets	DXA	Resistance (N = 10)	Fat mass	25.7	24.9
						Lean mass	52.2	52.0
						BF%	30.7%	30.6%
						Quadriceps thickness	2.15 cm	2.46 cm *
						Hamstring thickness	4.52 cm	1.53 cm
						Biceps thickness	2.69 cm	2.91 cm
						Triceps thickness	1.94 cm	2.33 cm
Alberga et al. [32]	Details in aerobic section
Santa Mina et al. [33]	Details in aerobic section
Santa Mina et al. [34]	Details in aerobic section
Hanson et al. [38]	Prospective cohort	Muscle size and function	12 weeks 3 ×/week 180 min/week Supervised high-intensity resistance exercise 15 repetitions, first 5 at 5 RM	DXA and CT	Resistance (N = 17)	Fat mass	31.2	31.1
						Subcutaneous	118 cm²	118 cm²
						Intermuscular	7.9 cm²	7.6 cm²
						Lean mass	62.4	64.1 *
						BF%	31.4%	30.7% *
Nilsen et al. [39]	RCT	Lean mass	16 weeks 3 ×/week Supervised resistance exercise 6–10 RM, 1–3 sets	DXA	Resistance (N = 28)	Fat mass	26.5	26.4
						Trunk fat	14.7	14.6
						Lean mass	59.8	60.3
						ASM	25.2	25.7 §
						BF%	29.5%	29.3%
					Control (N = 30)	Fat mass	26.4	26.7
						Trunk fat	14.6	14.7
						Lean mass	57.9	57.9
						ASM	24.8	24.7
						BF%	30.0%	30.2%
Multi-modal interventions
Galvão et al. [40]	RCT	Lean mass	12 weeks 2 ×/week Supervised aerobic at 65–80% HRmax Resistance exercise 6–12 RM, 2–4 sets	DXA	Exercise (N = 29)	Fat mass	22.5	22.3
						Trunk fat	12.2	11.9
						Lean mass	56.1	56.8 §
						ASM	23.5	24.0 §
						BF%	27.5%	27.2%
					Usual care (N = 28)	Fat mass	23.2	23.5
						Trunk fat	12.4	12.2
						Lean mass	57.8	57.8
						ASM	24.6	24.4
						BF%	27.3%	27.5%
Galvão et al. [15]	RCT	Various ADT side effects	See Galvão et al. [40]	DXA	Acute ADT (N = 16)	Fat mass	22.7	23.3 § *
						Trunk fat	12.2	12.4
						Lean mass	58.5	59.1
						ASM	24.7	25.2
						BF%	26.8%	27.2% §
					Chronic ADT (N = 34) ^b	Fat mass	23.4	23.0 *
					Chronic ADT (N = 34) ^b	Trunk fat	12.1	11.8 *
						Lean mass	56.5	57.4 *
						ASM	23.8	24.4 *
						BF%	28.1%	27.4% *
Cormie et al. [41]	RCT	Lean mass	12 weeks 2 ×/week 150 min/week Supervised aerobic at 70–85% HRmax Resistance exercise at 60–85% 1 RM Home-based exercise of choice	DXA	Exercise (N = 32)	Fat mass	26.9	26.3 §
						Trunk fat	14.8	14.3 §
						Visceral fat	913 g	874 g *
						Lean mass	56.6	56.0
						ASM	23.7	23.5 §
						BF%	30.6%	30.5% §
					Usual care (N = 31)	Fat mass	26.9	27.8 *
						Trunk fat	15.2	15.5
						Visceral fat	926 g	922 g
						Lean mass	58.7	57.3 *
						ASM	24.9	24.3 *
						BF%	30.3%	31.4% *
Winters-Stone et al. [42]	RCT	Body composition	12 months 2 ×/week 165 min/week Supervised resistance at 60–80% 1 RM Impact exercise 1 ×/week Home-based exercise of choice	DXA	Exercise (N = 29)	Fat mass	24.3	23.9 §
						Trunk fat	13.5	13.1
						Lean mass	59.2	59.2
						BF%	28.7%	28.4%
					Flexibility (N = 22)	Fat mass	28.4	29.9
						Trunk fat	15.0	15.4
						Lean mass	57.5	57.2
						BF%	31.6%	32.4%
Wall et al. [43]	RCT	Cardiorespiratory fitness	6 months 2 ×/week 150 min/week Supervised aerobic at 70–90% HRmax Resistance exercise 6–12 RM, 1–4 sets 1 ×/week Home-based aerobic exercise	DXA	Exercise (N = 50)	Fat mass	24.1	24.5 §
						Trunk fat	13.2	13.0 §
						Lean mass	59.4	60.1 §
						BF%	27.2%	27.2% §
					Usual care (N = 47)	Fat mass	25.7	27.2
						Trunk fat	14.2	14.9
						Lean mass	58.7	58.6
						BF%	28.2%	30.3%
Newton et al. [36]	Details in aerobic section
Ndjavera et al. [44]	RCT	Fat mass	12 weeks 2 ×/week Supervised aerobic at 55–85% HRmax Resistance exercise 10 RM, 2–4 sets Home-based aerobic exercise	BIA	Exercise (N = 24)	Fat mass	24.3	21.7
						Fat-free mass	58.2	58.9
					Usual care (N = 26)	Fat mass	23.3	22.7
						Fat-free mass	59.1	58.2

* = Significant within group change; § = significant between-group change; §UC = significant between-group change with usual care control group; §R = significant between-group change with resistance training group; # = effect of time in the two groups pooled together; §6DEL = significantly different to delayed/aerobic group at 6 months only, not 12 months which is the value reported in the table; *3 = significant loss at 3 months only, but not 6 months which is the value reported in the table. ^a Only reported mean change; ^b Acute ADT < 6 months, chronic ADT ≥ 6 months. RCT = randomised controlled trial; ×/week = times per week; HRmax = maximum heart rate; RM = repetition maximum; DXA = dual x-ray absorptiometry; ADT = androgen deprivation therapy; BF% = body fat percent; VO2max = oxygen consumption; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; RPE = rate of perceived exertion; CT = computed tomography; ASM = appendicular skeletal muscle; BIA = bioimpedance analysis.