Table 3.
Studies incorporating a nutrition component and assessed fat and lean mass in prostate cancer patients receiving ADT.
| Study | Study Design | Primary Outcome | Intervention | Body Composition Assessment | Groups (N) | Outcome Variable | Mean Pre-Intervention Values (kg) | Mean Post-Intervention Values (kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy eating guidelines and/or energy deficit | ||||||||
| O’Neill et al. [54] | RCT | Fat mass | 6 months ≥5 ×/week 150 min/week Home-based brisk walking UK healthy eating guidelines + energy deficit diet if overweight. |
Skinfolds | Intervention (N = 47) | Fat mass | 28.8 | 26.9 § |
| Lean mass | 58.3 | 59.8 | ||||||
| BF% | 32.6% | 30.8% § | ||||||
| Control (N = 47) | Fat mass | 29.5 | 30.1 | |||||
| Lean mass | 59.8 | 59.1 | ||||||
| BF% | 32.4% | 32.8% | ||||||
| Gilbert et al. [52] | RCT | Brachial artery flow mediated dilatation | 12 weeks 180 min/week 2 ×/week (1–6 weeks) 1 ×/week (7–12 weeks) Supervised aerobic at 55–75% HRmax + resistance exercise at 60% 1 RM 1 ×/week (1–6 weeks) 2 ×/week (7–12 weeks) Home-based exercise of choice Fortnightly healthy eating seminars |
BIA | Intervention (N = 25) | Fat mass | 34.5 | 31.6 |
| Skeletal muscle mass | 31.9 | 32.9 § | ||||||
| Usual care (N = 25) | Fat mass | 30.4 | 29.6 | |||||
| Skeletal muscle mass | 31.2 | 32.3 | ||||||
| Focht et al. [53] | RCT | Mobility | 12 weeks 150 min/week 2 ×/week (1–6 weeks) 1 ×/week (7–8 weeks) Supervised aerobic 3–4 RPE (1–10 scale) + resistance 8–12 RM, 3 sets 1 ×/week (7–8 weeks) 2 ×/week (9–12 weeks) Unsupervised aerobic + resistance Home-based exercise of choice Nutrition counselling sessions—8 as a group and 2 individual phone calls + energy deficit diet if overweight. |
Bod Pod | Intervention (N = 16) | Fat mass b | −1.8 § | |
| Fat-free mass b | −0.06 | |||||||
| BF% b | −1.05% § | |||||||
| Usual care (N = 16) | Fat mass b | 0.9 | ||||||
| Fat-free mass b | −0.5 | |||||||
| BF% b | 0.82% | |||||||
| Freedland et al. [55] | RCT | Insulin resistance | 6 months ≥5 d/week 150 min/week Home-based walking Carbohydrate intake ≤ 20 g/day |
DXA | Intervention (N = 11) | Fat mass | 32.3 | 24.0 § |
| Lean mass | 61.0 | 58.9 § | ||||||
| BF% | 28.3% | 26.6% § | ||||||
| Control (N = 18) | Fat mass | 25.3 | 28.3 | |||||
| Lean mass | 55.9 | 55.4 | ||||||
| BF% | 30.5% | 32.3% | ||||||
| Baguley et al. [56] | RCT | Cancer-related fatigue and quality of life | 12 weeks Individualised consultation with dietician every 2 weeks Mediterranean-style diet |
DXA | Intervention (N = 12) | Fat mass | 29.5 | 27.8 * |
| Lean mass | 53.2 | 52.0 | ||||||
| Usual care (N = 11) | Fat mass | 29.8 | 29.3 | |||||
| Lean mass | 53.4 | 53.4 | ||||||
| Wilson et al. [57] | Prospective cohort | Fat mass | 12 weeks 3 ×/week 300 min/week Supervised resistance exercise at 6–12 RM, 2–4 sets Daily home-based aerobic exercise, RPE 3–8 (1–10 scale) 3 nutrition counselling sessions Calorie deficit diet 40 g protein powder after each supervised exercise session |
DXA | Intervention (N = 14) | Fat mass | 39.8 | 37.0 * |
| Trunk fat | 20.1 | 18.3 * | ||||||
| Visceral fat | 954 g | 866 g * | ||||||
| Lean mass | 55.9 | 55.9 | ||||||
| ASM | 23.3 | 23.3 | ||||||
| BF% | 40.0% | 38.3% * | ||||||
| Protein intake | ||||||||
| Dawson et al. [58] | RCT | Lean mass | 12 weeks 3 ×/week 150 min/week Supervised resistance exercise at 60–83% 1 RM 2 × 25 g protein powder per day |
DXA | Exercise (N = 8) + Exercise/protein (N = 8) |
Fat mass | 30.3 | 31.2 |
| Lean mass | 48.5 | 53.2 § | ||||||
| Fat-free mass | 54.6 | 56.4 § | ||||||
| ASM | 23.5 | 24.8 § | ||||||
| BF% | 36.8% | 35.9% § | ||||||
| Protein (N = 10) + Flexibility control (N = 11) a |
Fat mass | 25.6 | 26.2 | |||||
| Lean mass | 51.5 | 48.6 | ||||||
| Fat-free mass | 51.4 | 51.5 | ||||||
| ASM | 21.5 | 21.6 | ||||||
| BF% | 33.9% | 34.5% | ||||||
* = Significant within group change; § = significant between-group change. a Patients were randomised to 4 groups: exercise, protein and exercise, protein, usual care control; however, for the analysis the two exercising groups and two non-exercising groups were combined as protein had no effect; b only reported mean change. RCT = randomised controlled trial; ×/week = times per week; RM = repetition maximum; DXA = dual x-ray absorptiometry; RPE = rate of perceived exertion; BF% = body fat percent; HRmax = maximum heart rate; BIA = bioimpedance analysis; UK = United Kingdom.