Table 1.
The characteristics of participants according to the genders in the Ansan/Ansung and urban hospital-based cohorts.
| Variables | Ansan/Ansung Cohort | Urban Hospital-Based Cohort | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (3216) |
Women (3441) |
Men (n = 10,370) |
Women (n = 20,655) |
|
| Age (years) | 50.6 ± 8.46 | 51.8 ± 8.88 *** | 55.2 ± 8.30 | 53.1 ± 7.75 *** |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 2.86 | 24.8 ± 3.24 *** | 24.5 ± 2.71 | 23.6 ± 2.98 *** |
| Waist circumferences (cm) | 83.6 ± 7.51 | 80.6 ± 9.49 *** | 85.5 ± 7.49 | 77.8 ± 8.05 *** |
| Hip circumferences (cm) | 94.4 ± 5.54 | 94.1 ± 5.96 | 95.4 ± 5.71 | 92.8 ± 5.8 *** |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 37.7 ± 4.51 | 28.3 ± 3.21 *** | - | - |
| Fat mass (kg) | 15.2 ± 4.81 | 19.0 ± 5.29 *** | - | - |
| Grip strength (kg) | - | - | 38.5 ± 0.09 | 23.3 ± 0.04 *** |
| Serum glucose (mg/dL) | 116 ± 16.3 | 115 ± 19.2 | 100 ± 22.9 | 93.8 ± 18.1 *** |
| Blood HbA1c (%) | 5.78 ± 0.02 | 5.73 ± 0.01 | 5.78 ± 0.01 | 5.68 ± 0.005 *** |
| SBP (mmHg) | 75.8 ± 11.4 | 72.9 ± 11.9 *** | 38.5 ± 0.09 | 23.3 ± 0.04 *** |
| DBP (mmHg) | 91.1 ± 24.4 | 85.2 ± 20.3 *** | 100 ± 22.9 | 93.8 ± 18.1 *** |
| Serum triglyceride (mg/dL) | 177 ± 118 | 146 ± 86.5 *** | 148 ± 102 | 114 ± 74.0 *** |
| Serum HDL (mg/dL) | 43.4 ± 9.69 | 45.9 ± 10.2 *** | 50.2 ± 12.3 | 57.6 ± 13.7 *** |
| Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 194 ± 36.3 | 192 ± 36.2 ** | 193 ± 35.9 | 201 ± 36.3 *** |
| Serum CRP (mg/dL) | 0.23 ± 0.44 | 0.21 ± 0.41 | 0.16 ± 0.44 | 0.13 ± 0.38 *** |
| Serum total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.73 ± 0.37 | 0.54 ± 0.26 *** | 0.83 ± 0.34 | 0.67 ± 0.26 *** |
| Blood platelet (103/µL) | 259 ± 64.9 | 271 ± 63.6 *** | 237 ± 54.1 | 262 ± 59.8 *** |
| GFR (mL/min) | 77.7 ± 8.97 | 83.7 ± 15.7 *** | 84.3 ± 14.8 | 120 ± 20.9 *** |
| Energy intake (EER%) | 96.4 ± 32.3 | 104 ± 38.6 *** | 90.8 ± 25.9 | 101 ± 32.9 *** |
| CHO intake (energy%) | 69.1 ± 6.48 | 71.5 ± 6.77 *** | 71.0 ± 7.03 | 71.8 ± 7.14 *** |
| Protein intake (energy%) | 13.9 ± 2.29 | 13.6 ± 2.37 *** | 13.4 ± 2.54 | 13.4 ± 2.57 |
| Fat intake (energy%) | 15.7 ± 4.98 | 13.8 ± 5.26 *** | 14.5 ± 5.49 | 13.9 ± 5.56 *** |
- No measurement in the cohort. SBP: Systemic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HDL: Serum high-density lipoprotein; CRP: Serum C-reactive protein; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; HbA1C: Glycosylated hemoglobin; CHO, Carbohydrate; energy %, the percentage intake of energy. ** Significantly different from the men group in each cohort at p < 0.01, *** at p < 0.001.