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Circulating TMAO concentrations across chronotype categories. According to the three chronotype categories, circulating TMAO concentrations increased significantly, with the lowest values in the subjects with the morning chronotype category. Differences in the three groups were analyzed by ANOVA test, with the Bonferroni test as post hoc test. A p value in bold type denotes a significant difference (p < 0.05). TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.
