Table 1.
Weighted mean values or weighted proportions and corresponding 95% confidence intervals; PATH Wave 4 adults; Current established daily or someday smokers.
| White (n = 5202) |
American Indian/Alaskan Native (n = 364) |
Black/African American (n = 1375) |
Asian (n = 97) |
Hispanic/Latino/Latina/ Spanish Origin (n = 1219) |
Native Hawaiian/ Guamanian/Chamorro/Samoan/Other Pacific Islander or ‘More Than One Race’ (n = 173) | Global p-Value |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % or µ | LCL | UCL | % or µ | LCL | UCL | % or µ | LCL | UCL | % or µ | LCL | UCL | % or µ | LCL | UCL | % or µ | LCL | UCL | ||
| Age (years), µ | 45.18 | 44.58 | 45.77 | 45.78 | 43.88 | 47.68 | 45.38 | 44.49 | 46.27 | 41.21 * | 37.64 | 44.78 | 40.80 *** | 39.90 | 41.69 | 34.97 *** | 32.27 | 37.67 | <0.0001 |
| Gender, % | <0.0001 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 49.13 | 47.44 | 50.83 | 49.84 | 44.23 | 55.46 | 54.00 * | 49.94 | 58.00 | 73.33 *** | 61.47 | 82.57 | 60.35 *** | 56.34 | 64.23 | 55.63 | 45.82 | 65.02 | |
| Female | 50.87 | 49.17 | 52.56 | 50.16 | 44.54 | 55.77 | 46.00 | 42.00 | 50.06 | 26.67 | 17.43 | 38.53 | 39.65 | 35.77 | 43.66 | 44.37 | 34.98 | 54.18 | |
| Educational attainment, % | <0.0001 | ||||||||||||||||||
| HS graduate/GED or less | 55.97 | 54.19 | 57.74 | 54.09 | 47.73 | 60.31 | 63.41 *** | 60.46 | 66.26 | 21.43 *** | 13.69 | 31.91 | 68.27 *** | 64.71 | 71.63 | 49.60 | 40.65 | 58.58 | |
| At least some college | 44.03 | 42.26 | 45.81 | 45.91 | 39.69 | 52.27 | 36.59 | 33.74 | 39.53 | 78.57 | 68.09 | 86.31 | 31.73 | 28.37 | 35.29 | 50.40 | 41.42 | 59.35 | |
| Smoking status, % | <0.0001 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Daily | 83.40 | 81.90 | 84.79 | 81.71 | 76.01 | 86.29 | 73.32 *** | 70.47 | 75.99 | 63.67 *** | 52.27 | 73.72 | 61.08 *** | 57.42 | 64.62 | 78.17 | 70.86 | 84.05 | |
| Somedays | 16.60 | 15.21 | 18.10 | 18.29 | 13.71 | 23.99 | 26.68 | 24.01 | 29.53 | 36.33 | 26.28 | 47.73 | 38.92 | 35.38 | 42.58 | 21.83 | 15.95 | 29.14 | |
| Harmfulness of cigarettes (0–4), µ | 2.94 | 2.91 | 2.97 | 2.88 | 2.76 | 3.00 | 2.91 | 2.85 | 2.96 | 2.82 | 2.65 | 3.00 | 3.03 ** | 2.97 | 3.09 | 3.08 | 2.87 | 3.28 | 0.0215 |
| Harmfulness of snus (0 to 4), µ | 2.81 | 2.78 | 2.84 | 2.90 | 2.78 | 3.02 | 2.98 *** | 2.92 | 3.05 | 2.69 | 2.47 | 2.91 | 2.93 ** | 2.87 | 2.99 | 3.01 | 2.77 | 3.25 | <0.0001 |
| Harmfulness of e-cigarettes (0 to 4), µ | 2.45 | 2.41 | 2.48 | 2.63 ** | 2.51 | 2.75 | 2.53 | 2.46 | 2.60 | 2.40 | 2.18 | 2.61 | 2.64 *** | 2.58 | 2.70 | 2.47 | 2.27 | 2.67 | <0.0001 |
| Harmfulness of nicotine (0 to 4), µ | 2.79 | 2.76 | 2.82 | 2.88 | 2.75 | 3.01 | 2.93 *** | 2.86 | 3.00 | 2.62 | 2.37 | 2.86 | 2.96 *** | 2.89 | 3.02 | 3.00 * | 2.80 | 3.19 | <0.0001 |
| Harmfulness of nicotine in cigarettes (0 to 4), µ | 2.70 | 2.67 | 2.73 | 2.73 | 2.60 | 2.85 | 2.90 *** | 2.85 | 2.96 | 2.58 | 2.36 | 2.80 | 2.96 *** | 2.89 | 3.02 | 2.94 * | 2.74 | 3.14 | <0.0001 |
| Harmfulness of nicotine in e-cigarettes (0 to 4), µ | 2.36 | 2.33 | 2.40 | 2.51 * | 2.39 | 2.63 | 2.46 * | 2.39 | 2.53 | 2.25 | 2.05 | 2.45 | 2.64 *** | 2.57 | 2.70 | 2.39 | 2.19 | 2.59 | <0.0001 |
|
Harmfulness of nicotine in NRT
(0 to 4), µ |
2.08 | 2.04 | 2.12 | 2.16 | 2.05 | 2.27 | 2.36 *** | 2.29 | 2.43 | 2.14 | 1.87 | 2.40 | 2.38 *** | 2.31 | 2.45 | 2.36 | 2.12 | 2.60 | <0.0001 |
| Harmfulness of LNC relative to NNC | |||||||||||||||||||
| Misperception: Less harmful/don’t know | 13.52 | 12.18 | 15.00 | 14.59 | 10.64 | 19.68 | 12.38 | 10.67 | 14.33 | 25.53 ** | 16.94 | 36.55 | 13.93 | 11.37 | 16.97 | 15.58 | 10.62 | 22.28 | 0.0073 |
| Addictiveness of LNC relative to NNC | |||||||||||||||||||
| Misperception: About the same/more addictive/don’t know | 86.39 | 85.05 | 87.63 | 88.14 | 84.14 | 91.24 | 88.88 * | 87.06 | 90.47 | 79.30 | 68.81 | 86.93 | 87.33 | 84.42 | 89.77 | 83.53 | 76.89 | 88.55 | 0.0398 |
| Nicotine in cigarettes causes most of the cancer caused by smoking | |||||||||||||||||||
| Misperception: Definitely yes/probably yes/don’t know | 60.18 | 58.52 | 61.82 | 61.88 | 54.62 | 68.64 | 78.41 *** | 75.48 | 81.08 | 69.53 * | 59.78 | 77.80 | 77.99 *** | 74.79 | 80.88 | 65.56 | 54.80 | 74.93 | <0.0001 |
| Nicotine causes people to use tobacco | |||||||||||||||||||
| Misperception: Definitely not/probably not/don’t know | 18.76 | 17.49 | 20.10 | 20.17 | 15.50 | 25.81 | 17.32 | 15.05 | 19.86 | 15.80 | 8.99 | 26.28 | 15.42 | 13.14 | 18.01 | 21.50 | 14.45 | 30.75 | 0.2309 |
| Harmfulness of snus versus cigarettes | |||||||||||||||||||
| Misperception: Same harm/more harm/don’t know | 93.19 | 92.48 | 93.85 | 94.93 | 91.94 | 96.84 | 95.80 *** | 94.55 | 96.78 | 96.72 | 90.99 | 98.85 | 94.87 | 92.97 | 96.28 | 93.65 | 88.25 | 96.67 | 0.0027 |
| Harmfulness of e-cigarettes versus cigarettes | |||||||||||||||||||
| Misperception: Same harm/more harm/don’t know | 79.57 | 78.29 | 80.80 | 82.17 | 76.18 | 86.92 | 84.51 ** | 81.95 | 86.77 | 78.45 | 69.27 | 85.47 | 87.17 *** | 84.33 | 89.56 | 75.87 | 66.50 | 83.28 | <0.0001 |
| Harmfulness of e-cigarettes versus NRT | |||||||||||||||||||
| Misperception: About the same/less harmful/don’t know | 77.89 | 76.71 | 79.02 | 77.29 | 72.51 | 81.46 | 76.99 | 74.27 | 79.50 | 82.49 | 73.74 | 88.78 | 78.93 | 76.00 | 81.60 | 73.15 | 64.69 | 80.21 | 0.5190 |
* p-value < 0.05; ** p-value < 0.01; *** p-value < 0.001; LCL: lower 95% confidence interval; UCL: upper 95% confidence interval; HS: High school; LNC: Low nicotine cigarettes; NNC: Normal nicotine cigarettes; NRT: nicotine replacement therapy.