Table 1.
Summary of observational studies regarding zinc deficiency in patients with CKD.
| Author, Year [30] |
Country | Number of CKD/HD Patients | Number of Healthy Subjects |
Sample | Zinc level, CKD vs. Control † |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CKD | |||||
| Tavares et al. 2020 [40] | Brazil | 21 | 22 | Plasma | 70.1 ± 19.2 vs. 123.2 ± 24.6 (μg/dL) |
| Shen et al. 2020 [41] | China | 193 | 173 | Plasma | 188 vs. 229 (μg/dL) |
| Damianaki et al. 2020 [42] | Switzerland | 108 | 42 | Plasma | 60.6 ± 10.6 vs. 66.4 ± 10.1 (μg/dL) |
| Pan et al. 2019 [43] | Taiwan | 204 | 2853 | Serum | 76.9 ± 1.29 vs. 82.8 ± 0.67 (μg/dL) |
| Aziz et al. 2016 [44] | Iraq | 49 | 42 | Plasma | 83 ± 10 vs. 112 ± 19 (μg/dL) |
| Mafra et al. 2002 [45] | Brazil | 29 | 19 | Plasma | 74 ± 17.7 vs. 82.1 ± 15.5 (μg/dL) |
| HD | |||||
| Hasanato 2014 [46] | Saudi Arabia | 42 | 18 | Plasma | 9.5 vs. 13.2 (nmol/L) |
| Lobo et al. 2013 [47] | Brazil | 45 | 20 | Plasma | 54.9 ± 16.1 vs. 78.8 ± 9.4 (μg/dL) |
| Guo et al. 2011 [48] | Taiwan | 20 | 20 | Plasma | 68 ± 3 vs. 76 ± 8 (μg/L) |
| Dashti-Khavidaki et al. 2010 [49] | Iran | 94 | 47 | Serum | 69.2 ± 17.3 vs. 82.9 ± 14.8 (μg/dL) |
| Kiziltas et al. 2008 [50] | Turkey | 30 | 30 | Serum | 15.7 ± 1.25 vs. 21.2 ± 1.44 (μmol/L) |
| Batista et al. 2006 [51] | Brazil | 30 | 20 | Plasma | 81.2 ± 19.8 vs. 93.3 ± 12.1 (μg/dL) |
† Zinc level values are shown as the mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; HD, hemodialysis.