Table 2.
Summary of cohort studies regarding blood zinc levels and CVD mortality.
| Author, Year, (Reference) | Country | Number of Subjects | Age (Years) † | Follow-Up Period (years) ‡ | Number of CVD Deaths | Association of Lower Blood Zinc Levels with Higher CVD Mortality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bates et al. 2011 [25] | UK | 1054 (general population) |
≥65 years old Male: 75.8 ± 6.9 Female: 77.3 ± 7.9 |
n/a | 189 | Yes (HR 0.79; 95% CI 0.72–0.87) |
| Pilz et al. 2009 [140] | Germany | 3316 (patients referred for coronary angiopathy) |
Male: 62 ± 11 Female: 65 ± 10 |
7.75 | 484 | Yes (HR 1.10; 95% CI 1.01–1.21) (Reference: high serum zinc group) |
| Leone et al. 2006 [142] | France | 4035 males (general population) |
30–60 years old 43 ± 5 (alive) 44 ± 4 (dead) |
18 ± 2.9 | 56 | No (RR 0.7; 95% CI 0.3–1.5) |
| Marniemi et al. 1998 [143] | Finland | 344 (general population) |
≥65 years old 65–69 (n = 99), 70–74 (n = 98) 75–80 (n = 84), ≥80−(n = 63) |
13 | 142 | No (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.42–1.41) |
† Age shown as mean ± standard deviation or range (lower limit, upper limit). ‡ Follow-up period shown as mean or mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; NA, not available; RR, relatively risk.