Table 3.
Summary of observational studies regarding zinc intake and CVD mortality.
| Author, Year (Reference) |
Country | Number of Subjects | Age (Years) † | Follow-Up Period (years) | Number of CVD Deaths | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al. 2019 [146] |
USA | 30,899 | 46.9 | 6.1 | 945 | Adequate nutrient intake of zinc associated with lower CVD mortality (RR = 0.50; 95% CI 0.36–0.71). |
| Shi et al. 2018 [147] |
China | 2832 | 47.1 | 9.8 | 70 | Dietary zinc intake not related to CVD mortality. |
| Eshak et al. 2018 [26] |
Japan | 58,646 | 40–79 | 19.3 | 3388 | Higher intake of zinc inversely associated with mortality from coronary heart disease (n = 702) in males; 0.68 (0.58–1.03; p-trend = 0.05) but not females; 1.13 (0.71–1.49; p-trend = 0.61). |
| Bates et al. 2011 [25] |
UK | 1054 | 75.8 ± 6.9 (males) 77.3 ± 7.9 (females) |
n/a | 189 | Plasma zinc associated with vascular disease mortality (HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.61–0.88). |
| Lee et al. 2005 [148] |
USA | 34,492 | (55–69) | >15 | 1767 | Inverse association of dietary zinc with CVD mortality. |
† Age shown as mean ± standard deviation or range (lower limit, upper limit). ‡ Follow-up period shown as mean. Abbreviations: CVD: cardiovascular disease; NA, not available; RR: relatively risk.