Table 3.
An overview of recent electrochemical biosensors for pesticide determination.
| Electrode | (Bio)Sensor Format | Electrochemical Technique | Analyte/Sample | L.R. | LOD | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GCE | Electrochemical sensor using GCE modified with MCNHs and zein (SWCNH-ZE/GCE) | DPACSV | Fenitrothion/orange juice | 9.9 × 10−7–1.2 × 10−5 M | 1.2 × 10−8 M | [146] |
| SPCEs | Electrochemical sensor based on SCPCEs modified with cellulose microfibers supported reduced graphene-oxide composite | DPV | Fenitrothion/water | 0.03–1333.8 μM | 8 nM | [147] |
| GCE | Electrochemical biosensor using glutaraldehyde (Glu) crosslinked with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) immobilized on s-SWCNTs wrapped with bovine serum albumin (BSA) | DPV | Parathion/strawberry and apple juice | 1 × 10−10–5 × 10−6 M | 3.75 × 10−11 M | [148] |
| ITO | Electrochemical sensor using ITO electrode modified with poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) membrane and zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) | CV | Parathion/water | 5–2000 ng·mL−1 | 2.8 ng·mL−1 | [149] |
| SPCEs | Electrochemical biosensor using the multidimensional nanocomposite (MXene/Au–Pd) as the functional platform for immobilizing AChE | Amperometry | Paraoxon/pear and cucumber | 0.1–1000 μg L−1, | 1.75 ngL−1 | [150] |
| Fluorine–tin-oxide glass electrodes (FTO) | Electrochemical sensor developed by immobilizing hemoglobin (Hb), redox-active proteins on electrochemically reduced graphene-oxide–chitosan (ERGO–CHI/Hb/FTO) | SWV | Parathion/onion, lettuce | 0.076–0.988 mM | 79.77 nM | [151] |
| GCE | Electrochemical sensor using reduced graphene oxide (RGO) decorated fumed silica (FS) to modify glassy carbon (FS@RGO–GCE) | DPV | Fenitrothion/orange juice and tomato | 0.005–1.0 μM | 0.00019 μM | [152] |
| GCE | Electrochemical sensor using silver nanoparticles/dodecane modified glassy carbon electrode | DPV | Fenitrothion/paddy grains and potato | 0.1–7 nM | 0.60 nM | [153] |
| PGE | Electrochemical biosensor using WO3/g-C3N4 nanocomposite modified pencil graphite electrode as an immobilizing platform for Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) acetylcholinesterase (Tc-AChE) | Amperometry | Phosmet/wheat flour | 5–125 nM | 3.6 nM | [154] |
| SPCEs | Electrochemical sensor based on strontium hexaferrite (nanorods) decorated on porous graphitic carbon nitride (SrFe12O19/g-C3N4) to modify SPCEs | DPV | Fenitrothion/grapes, apricots, orange, cranberry, guava, mango | 0.005–378.15 mM | 1.4 nM | [155] |
| Ag–citrate/GQDs nano-ink/leaf or skin | Electrochemical sensor prepared by direct writing on the surface of the samples, using Ag-citrate/graphene quantum dots (GQDs) nano-ink | DPV, SWV | Trifluralin/apple skin | 0.005–0.04 mM | 0.005 mM | [158] |
| PGE | Electrochemical biosensor platform developed to detect the pesticide–DNA interaction by using disposable pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) where DNA was immobilized via passive absorption | DPV | Monitoring glyphosate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid DNA interactions | - | - | [160] |
| CPE | Electrochemical sensor using a carbon paste electrode modified with recrystallized zeolite | SWV | Thiram and carbendazim/honey and grape juice | 0.36–4.99 × 10−7 M Thiram 0.10–2.35 × 10−6 M Carbendazim |
6.74 × 10−9 M Thiram 3.51 × 10−9 M Carbendazim |
[162] |
| NPG–GCe | Electrochemical sensor based on modified GCE with nanoporous gold film | DPV | Carbendazim and methyl parathion/water | 0.5–150 mM Methyl parathion 3.0–120 mM Carbendazim |
0.02 mM methyl parathion 0.24 mM Carbendazim |
[163] |
| GCE | Electrochemical sensor based on gadolinium-oxide nanorods embedded on the graphene aerogel (GdO NRs/GA) | CV | Carbendazim/water | 0.01–75 μM | 3.0 nM | [165] |
| SPCEs | Electrochemical sensor based on SPCEs modified with carbon spherical shells (CSS) or Printex carbon nanoballs (PCNB) | DPV | Carbendazim and diuron/cabbages, apples, and orange juice | 0.1–1.0 μM carbendazim 1–10 mM diuron |
4.7 × 10−8 M carbendazim 9.2 × 10−7 M diuron |
[166] |
| SPCEs | Electrochemical sensor based on SPCEs modified with carbon spherical shells (CSS) or Printex carbon nanoballs (PCNB) | SWV | Paraquat and fenitrothion/cabbages, apples, and orange juice | 0.1–1.0 μM paraquat 1–10 mM fenitrothion |
2.4 × 10−8 M paraquat 6.4 × 10−7 M fenitrothion | [166] |
Abbreviations: AuE: gold electrode; AuNPs: gold nanoparticles; AuSPE: gold screen-printed electrode; CA: chronoamperometry; CPE: carbon paste electrode; CSS: carbon spherical shells; CV: cyclic voltammetry; DPACSV: differential pulse adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry DPV: differential pulse voltammetry; EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; GQDS: graphene quantum dots; GCE: glassy carbon electrode GO: graphene oxide; ITO: indium–tin-oxide electrode; MWCNTs: multi-walled carbon nanotubes; NPG: nanoporous gold; QDs: quantum dots; PCNB: Printex carbon nanoballs; PGE: pencil graphite electrode; SPCE: screen-printed carbon electrode; SWV: square-wave voltammetry; SWASV: square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry.