Table 4.
An overview of recent electrochemical biosensors for antibiotics determination.
| Electrode | (Bio)Sensor Format | Electrochemical Technique | Sample/Analyte | L.R. | LOD | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GCE | Multiplexed electrochemical aptasensor using metal ions encoded apoferritin probes and double stirring bars-assisted target recycling for signal amplification | SWV | Kanamycin and ampicillin/milk and fish | 0.05 pM–50 nM | Kanamycin 18 fM Ampicillin 15 fM |
[173] |
| AuE | Electrochemical aptasensor based on applying a ladder-shaped DNA structure as a multilayer physical block on the surface of a gold electrode | DPV | Ampicillin/milk | 7 pM–100 nM | 1 pM | [174] |
| Thin-film gold electrode (TFGE) | Disposable and portable aptasensor using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)/carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (cMWCNTs)@thionine connecting complementary strand of aptamer (cDNA) as signal tags | DPV | Oxytetracycline/chicken | 1 × 10−13–1 × 10−5 g mL−1 | 3.1 × 10−14 g mL−1 | [175] |
| GCE | Electrochemical aptasensor based on the protective effect of aptamer-antibiotic conjugate towards endonuclease DpnII activity | DPV | Ampicillin/milk and water | 0.1–100 nM | 32 pM | [176] |
| AuE | Electrochemical aptasensor incorporating elements of triple-helix aptamer probes (TAP), catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA) signal amplification and host–guest recognition | DPV | Tetracycline/milk | 0.2–100 nM | 0.13 nM | [177] |
| SPAuE | Electrochemical aptasensor based on aptamer cocktail on the surface of gold screen-printed electrodes | DPV | Tetracycline/honey | 0.01–1000 ng mL−1 | 0.0073 ng mL−1 | [178] |
| AuE | Electrochemical aptasensor based on the classical probe conformation changing mode (PCCM) with a methylene blue (MB) label used as an electrochemical tag | SWV | Kanamycin/milk and water | 10.0 nM–10.0 μM | 3 nM | [179] |
| AuE | Electrochemical aptasensor based on the target-induced signal probe shifting (TISPS) method with a free MB label in the assay solution | SWV | Kanamycin/milk and water | 200.0 pM–1.0 μM | 60 pM | [179] |
| SPCEs | Potentiometric aptasensor array based on a 4-channel screen-printed carbon electrode | Open-circuit potential (OCP) measurement | Streptomycin and kanamycin/milk | Streptomycin 10 pM–10 μM Kanamicin 10 pM−1 μM |
streptomycin 9.66 pM Kanamycin 5.24 pM |
[180] |
Abbreviations: AuE: gold electrode; AuNPs: gold nanoparticles; AuSPE: gold screen-printed electrode; cMWCNTs: carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes; CA: chronoamperometry; CF: carbon felt; CHA: catalyzed hairpin assembly; CNF: carbon nanofibers; CV: cyclic voltammetry; DEP: Disposable electrical printed microarray electrode; DPV: differential pulse voltammetry; EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; GCE: glassy carbon electrode GO: graphene oxide; ITO: indium–tin-oxide electrode: MWCNTs: multi-walled carbon nanotubes; NPG: nanoporous gold; OCP: Open-circuit potential; PGE: pencil graphite electrode; PCCM: probe conformation changing mode; SPCE: screen-printed carbon electrode; SWV: square-wave voltammetry; SWASV: square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry; TAP: triple-helix aptamer probe; TISPS: target-induced signal probe shifting; TFGE: thin-film gold electrode.