Table 5.
An overview of recent electrochemical biosensors for BPA and estrogens determination.
| Electrode | (Bio)Sensor Format | Electrochemical Technique | Sample/Analyte | L.R. | LOD | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interdigitated electrode (IDE) | Label-free impedimetric aptasensor printed circuit board (PCB) technique | EIS | BPA/canned food | 1 fM–10 pM | 152.93 aM | [184] |
| BDDE | Impedimetric aptasensor based on Au nanoparticles (Au-NPs) coated boron-doped diamond (BDD) modified with aptamers, and 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH) | EIS | BPA/milk | 1 × 10−14–1 × 10−9 M | 7.2 × 10−15 M | [185] |
| AuE | Label-free electrochemical aptasensor based on functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes/gold nanoparticles (f-MWCNTs/AuNPs) nanocomposite film modified gold electrode | SWV | BPA/mineral water, orange juice, milk | 0.1–10 nM | 0.05 nM | [186] |
| GCE | Electrochemical sensor using hierarchical Ce-metal–organic framework (Ce-MOF) modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a sensing platform | DPV | BPA/milk | 0.005–50 mM | 2 nM | [187] |
| GCE | Electrochemical sensor based on the AuPd nanoparticles incorporated carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) | DPV | BPA/milk | 0.18–18 μM | 60 nM | [188] |
| GCE | Electrochemical aptasensor based on MWCNT/SiO2@Au nanocomposite | SWV | BPA/water, orange juice, milk | 0.1–100 mM | 10 pM | [189] |
| GCE | Electrochemical sensor using as sensing platform multi-walled carbon nanotubes and chitosan (MWCNTs–CH) self-assembled on graphene nanoplatelets GNPs (GNPs–MWCNTs–CH) | DPV | BPA/milk | 0.1–100 μM | 0.05 | [190] |
| GCE | Electrochemical sensor based on three-dimensional hierarchical cylinder-like nickel nanoparticle/nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet/chitosan nanocomposite (NiNP/NCN/CHI) | DPV | BPA/milk | 0.1–2.5 mM and 2.5–15.0 mM | 45 nM | [191] |
| BDDE | Electrochemical sensor, using a cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond (Cpt-BDD) electrode combined with QuEChERS extraction method | SWV | E,E-dienestrol/fish tissue | 2.30 × 10−7–9.69 × 10−6 M | 5.43 × 10−8 M | [197] |
| SPCE | Impedimetric aptasensor based on carbon nanodots modified SPC electrode | EIS | 17b-estradiol/water | 1.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−12 M, | 0.5 × 10−12 M. | [198] |
| AuE | Electrochemical biosensor based on graphene quantum dots (GQDs)/conducting polymer and laccase modified gold electrodes | CV | 17b-estradiol/no real samples | 0.1–120 × 10−6 M | 1 mM | [199] |
Abbreviations: AuE: gold electrode; AuNPs: gold nanoparticles; AuSPE: gold screen-printed electrode; BDDE: boron-doped diamond electrode; BPA: bisphenol A; CA: chronoamperometry; CPE: carbon paste electrode; CH: chitosan; CF: carbon felt; CNF: carbon nanofibers; CV: cyclic voltammetry; DEP: disposable electrical printed microarray electrode; DPV: differential pulse voltammetry; EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; ECL: electrochemiluminescence; GQDS: graphene quantum dots; GCE: glassy carbon electrode; GO: graphene oxide; IDE: interdigitated electrode; ITO: indium–tin-oxide electrode; MBs: magnetic beads; MIPs: molecularly imprinted polymers: MWCNTs: multi-walled carbon nanotubes; NPG: nanoporous gold; QDs: quantum dots; PCNB: Printex carbon nanoballs; PGE: pencil graphite electrode; QuEChERS: quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe; SPCE: screen-printed carbon electrode; SWV: square-wave voltammetry.