Table 6.
An overview of recent electrochemical biosensors for allergens determination.
| Electrode | (Bio)Sensor Format | Electrochemical Technique | Analyte/Sample | L.R. | LOD | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GCE | Electrochemical immunosensor based on zein polymer coupled with carbon nanotubes as a sensing platform to immobilize capture antibody | SWV | Gliadin/wheat flour | 0.5–100 ppm | 0.5 ppm | [208] |
| SPCE | Microfluidic electrochemical aptasensing system based on a combination of 2D nanomaterial molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and graphene with the addition of gold nanoparticles | DPV | Gliadin/wheat flour | 4–250 nM | 7 pM | [209] |
| GSPE | Electrochemical aptasensor based on poly(aniline-co-anthranilic acid) (PANI/PAA) composite polymer coupled with a specific aptamer | DPV | β-lactoglobulin/milk | 0.01–1.0 μg mL−1 | 0.053 μg mL−1 | [211] |
| GSPE | Electrochemical aptasensor based on poly-L-lysine modified graphite electrodes | DPV | β-lactoglobulin/milk, yogurt | 0.1–10 ng mL−1 | 0.09 ng mL−1. | [212] |
| SPAuE | Electrochemical label-free immunosensor using polypyrrole (PPY) electropolymerized as immobilizing platform for the capture antibody | DPV | a-lactoglobulin/meal | 355–2840 pg mL−1 | 0.192 fg mL−1 | [213] |
| ITO | Electrochemical aptasensor based on a highly selective DNA aptamer and flower-like Au@BiVO4 microspheres | Amperometry | β-lactoglobulin/infant food formula | 0.01–1000 ng mL−1 | 0.007 ng mL−1 | [214] |
| GSPE | Electrochemical immunosensor based on gold-nanocluster-modified graphene screen-printed electrodes | DPV | β-lactoglobulin/milk | 0.01–100 ng mL−1 | 0.08 ng mL−1 | [215] |
| PGE | Electrochemical sensor based on graphene-oxide modified pencil graphite electrode | CV | β-lactoglobulin/milk | 530–11.160 Mg L−1 |
270 mg L−1 | [216] |
| SPCE | Disposable amperometric magnetoimmunosensor using a sandwich configuration involving selective capture and detector antibodies and carboxylic acid-modified magnetic beads (HOOC-MBs) | Amperometry | Ara h 2/flour | 87–10.000 pg mL−1 | 26 pg mL−1 | [217] |
| GCE | DNA biosensor based on gold–palladium nanowaxberries (AuPd NWs)/dodecylamine functionalized graphene quantum dots (D-GQDs)-graphene micro-aerogel (GMA) composite | DPV | Ara h 1/peanut milk | 1.0 × 10−22–1.0 × 10−17 M | 4.7 × 10−23 M | [218] |
| SPCE | Paper-based capacitance mast cell sensor based on 3D paper chip printed with carbon electrodes as a noncontact capacitance sensing platform, using a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP) composite hydrogel (PGHAP gel) to improve the conductivity and biocompatibility of the cellulose paper | Capacitance measurement | Ara h 2/raw and fried peanut | 0.1–100 ng mL−1 | 0.028 ng mL−1 | [219] |
| Magnetic glassy carbon electrode (MGCE) | Cell sensor, based on fluorescent magnetic beads | EIS | Tropomyosin and parvalbumin/crucian carp and brown shrimp | - | Tropomyosin 0.03 μg mL−1
Parvalbumin 0.16 ng mL−1 |
[220] |
| SPCE | Label-free electrochemical immunosensor assembled by electrochemically reducing 4-carboxyphenyl diazonium salt, which was electrochemically generated in situ, to a stable 4-carboxyphenyl layer on carbon nanofiber-modified screen-printed electrode | DPV | Porcine serum albumin/pork fresh meat | 0.5–500 pg mL−1 | 0.5 pg mL−1 | [221] |
| CE | Electrochemical sensor using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for detecting genistein, an allergenic soy marker | DPV | Genistein/no real samples | 100 ppb-10 ppm | 100 ppb | [222] |
Abbreviations: AuE: gold electrode; AuNPs: gold nanoparticles; AuSPE: gold screen-printed electrode; CA: chronoamperometry; CE: Carbon electrode; CPE: carbon paste electrode; CH: chitosan; CF: carbon felt; CNF: carbon nanofibers; CV: cyclic voltammetry; DEP: Disposable electrical printed microarray electrode; DPV: differential pulse voltammetry; EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; ECL: electrochemiluminescence; GQDS: graphene quantum dots; GCE: glassy carbon electrode GSPE: graphene screen-printed electrode; GSPE: graphite screen-printed electrode; GO: graphene oxide; IDE: interdigitated electrode; ITO: indium–tin-oxide electrode; MGCE: magnetic glassy carbon electrode; MBs: magnetic beads; MIPs: molecularly imprinted polymers: MWCNTs: multi-walled carbon nanotubes; NPG: nanoporous gold; QDs: quantum dots; PANI: polyaniline; PAA: poly(anthranilic acid); PGE: pencil graphite electrode; SPCE: screen-printed carbon electrode.