Table 2.
Effects of light quality and intensity on the production of carotenoids by cyanobacteria. Processing parameters include: light source (LS) and intensity (I), light:dark cycle (LC), temperature (T), pH, and culture media (M). Light intensity is expressed in μmolphotons.m−2.s−1 unless another unit is indicated.
| Cyanobacterium | Tested Conditions a | Processing Parameters b | Optimal Condition | Carotenoids Content | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Light Quality | |||||
| Arthrospira platensis | W, B, R | LS: FL; I: 133; LC: 24:0 h; T: 36 °C; pH: ns; M: Zarrouk | R | 23.2 mg.gDW−1 | [39] |
| Arthrospira platensis | R + B (0–100% mixtures) |
LS: LED; I: 100; LC: 24:0 h; T: 32 °C; pH: 8.0; M: Zarrouk | R + B (70:30, %) |
6.91 μg.mL−1 | [44] |
| Cyanobium sp. | R; G; B; UV supplements | LS: SOX + LED; I: 200; LC: 12:12 h; T: 25 °C; pH: 7.5; M: BG11 saline | R supplement | 6.5 mg.gDW−1 | [37] |
| Cyanobium sp. | W + R in different times | LS: LED; I: 200; LC: 16:8 h; T: 20 °C; pH: 9; M: BG11 saline | 10 days of W and 4 days of R | 32 mg.gDW−1 | [38] |
| Leptolyngbya cf. fragilis | (+/−) UV-B | LS: FL + UV lamp; I: 18 W.m−2; LC: 12:12 h; T: 25 °C; pH: ns; M: BG11 | +UV | 0.29 mg.gDW−1 | [45] |
| Lyngbya aestuarii | (+/−) UV-B | LS: FL + UV lamp; I: 7.5 W.m−2 FL or 5 W.m−2 UV; LC: 24:0 h; T: 25 °C; pH: ns; M: ASN-III | +UV | ns | [46] |
| Nostoc commune | (+/−) UV-B | LS: FL + UV lamp; I: 1 W.m−2; LC: ns; T: 30 °C; pH: ns; M: BG110 | +UV-B | ns | [48] |
| Pseudanabaena sp. | W, B, R, G, Y | LS: FL + colour filters; I: 75–220 lux; LC: 12:12 h; T: 25 °C; pH: ns; M: ASN-III | G | 0.16 mg.L−1 | [40] |
| Synechocystis sp. | (+/−) UV-B | LS: FL + UV lamp; I: 60; LC: ns; T: 30 °C; pH: ns; M: BG11 | +UV | ns | [49] |
| Light Intensity | |||||
| Cyanobium sp. | 50, 100, 200, 300 | LS: FL or SOX; LC: 12:12 h; T: 25 °C; pH: 7.5; M: BG11 saline | 200 | 0.12 mg.L−1.d−1 | [53] |
| Synechococcus sp. | 40, 1300 | LS: FL; LC: 24:0 h; T: 25 °C; pH: ns; M: BG11 | 1300 | 7.59 nmol.A750−1.mL−1 | [51] |
| Microcystis aeruginosa | 20, 40, 70 | LS: FL; LC: 12:12 h; T: 25 °C; pH: ns; M: ASM | 40 | β-carotene: 579.7 μg.gDW-1 | [55] |
| Zeaxanthin: 431.2 μg.gDW-1 | |||||
| Echinenone: 143.3 μg.gDW-1 | |||||
| Anabaena cylindrica | 15, 120 | LS: FL; LC: 24:0 h; T: 20 °C; pH: ns; M: Juttner | 120 | ns | [52] |
| Anabaenopsis elenkinii | 15, 120 | LS: FL; LC: 24:0 h; T: 20 °C; pH: ns; M: Juttner | 120 | ns | [52] |
| Anabaena torulosa | 15, 120 | LS: FL; LC: 24:0 h; T: 20 °C; pH: ns; M: Juttner | 120 | ns | [52] |
| Nostoc sp. | 15, 120 | LS: FL; LC: 24:0 h; T: 20 °C; pH: ns; M: Juttner | 120 | ns | [52] |
| Microcystis aeruginosa | 15, 176 | LS: FL; LC: 16:8 h; T: 20 °C; pH: ns; M: BG11 | 176 | ca. 0.035 pg.cell−1 | [50] |
| Cyanobacterium aponinum | 15, 40, 70, 100, 150, 300, 500, 650 | LS: FL; LC: 24:0 h; T: 35 °C; pH: 8.0; M: BG11 | β-carotene: 100 | β-carotene:4.03 mg.gDW−1 | [54] |
| Zeaxanthin: 650 | Zeaxanthin: 3.17 mg.gDW−1 | ||||
a Light quality: R—red; G—green; B—blue; UV—ultraviolet; Y—yellow; W—white; b SOX—low-pressure sodium lamp; LED—light emitting diodes; FL—fluorescent lamp; ns–not specified.