Table 8.
The extraction parameters of Crocus sativus petals, as obtained from the review of literature.
| Solvent | Method | Measured Parameters | Main Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water (solid/liquid 1/36, w/v) |
ASE (SWE) | UV–vis spectrophotometry TPC, TFC, DPPH, FRAP |
Optimum conditions: 159 °C, 54 min TPC yield 16.2 mg/g, and flavonols yield 2.39 mg/g. |
[208] |
| Ethanol–water (solid/liquid 1/20, w/v) |
Maceration | UV–vis spectrophotometry TAC | ethanol concentration in water 25%, extraction temperature 25.8 °C, duration of extraction 24 h; total monomeric anthocyanins yield 32 mg/g | [209] |
| CO2 (solid/liquid 1/30, w/v; 5% v/v ethanol) |
SFE | UV–vis spectrophotometry TPC, TFC, TAC, DPPH, FRAP |
62 °C, 47 min extraction time and pressure 164 atm; TPC yield 14.7 mg/g, TFC 1.8 mg/g, TAC 1 mg/g | [210] |
| Ethanol–water 59:41 (solid/liquid 1/20 (CSE), 1/30 (UAE), 1/50 (MAE), w/v) |
CSE, UAE, MAE | UV–vis spectrophotometry TPC, TAC, DPPH |
Maceration: 66 °C for 15 min Yields: TPC 45 mg/g, TAC 4.6 mg/g UAE: 66 °C for 2 min Yields: TPC 47 mg/g, TAC 5.3 mg/g MAE: 66 °C for 2 min Yields: TPC 43 mg/g, TAC 5.2 mg/g |
[211] |
| Ethanol–water 50:50, 25:75 acidified with HCL 0.1 N up to pH = 2 (solid/liquid 1/77.5, w/v) |
MAE | UV–vis spectrophotometry TAC |
MAE: temperature 48 °C, power 360 W, extraction time 9.3 min; TAC yield 101 mg/g | [212] |
| Water (0.3% w/v NaCl) (solid/liquid 1/20) |
CHWE, OHAE, UAE, MAE | UV–vis spectrophotometry TPC, TFC, TAC, DPPH LC-MS |
CHWE: agitation, 66 °C for 104 min; (dry herb) TPC 7.21 mg/g TFC 1.01 mg/g, TAC 1.89 mg/g OHAE: 45 min-225 V; (dry herb) TPC 9.28 mg/g, TFC 1.48 mg/g, TAC 2.38 mg/g MAE: 4.25 min-500 W; (dry herb) TPC 8.69 mg/g, TFC 1.15 mg/g, TAC 2.06 mg/g UAE: 40.61 min-135.3 W; (dry herb) TPC 8.63 mg/g, TFC 1.30 mg/g, TAC 2.05 mg/g |
[213] |
| Water, Methanol–water (solid/liquid 1/50) |
maceration, UAE | UV–vis spectrophotometry TPC, TAC, FRAP, ABTS, DPPH HPLC-DAD |
Maceration with water under stirring (1000 rpm) under dark for 30 min, at 21 °C: TPC 11.4 mg/g, TAC 3.45 mg/g UAE with water at 23 kHz for 15 min: TPC 11.5 mg/g, TAC 4.13 mg/g |
[207] |
ABTS: 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical, ASE: accelerated solvent extraction, CHWE: conventional hot water extraction, CSE: conventional solvent extraction, DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power, MAE: microwave assisted extraction, OHAE: Ohmic heating assisted extraction, SFE: supercritical fluid extraction, SWE: subcritical water extraction, TAC: Total Anthocyanin content, TPC: total phenolic content, TFC: Total flavonoids content, UAE: ultrasound assisted extraction.