Figure 3.

A typical output from impedance analysis. Panel (A) shows the conductance $G_{\mathrm{el}}$ (black) and the susceptance, $B_{\mathrm{el}}$ (red). Together, they form the complex electrical admittance, ${\tilde{Y}}_{\mathrm{el}}$ = $G_{\mathrm{el}}$ + i$B_{\mathrm{el}}$, which is equal to ${\tilde{Z}}_{\mathrm{el}}^{-1}$ with ${\tilde{Z}}_{\mathrm{el}}$ the impedance. The real part of the admittance forms the well-known, symmetric resonance curve (assuming perfect calibration). This is different for the real part of ${\tilde{Z}}_{\mathrm{el}}$ because of the parallel electrical capacitance, $C_0$. G_el(f) peaks at the series resonance frequency, $f_{\mathrm{res}}$. Panel (B) shows the polar diagram. Of interest in sensing are the shifts in frequency and bandwidth, Δf and ΔΓ (C).