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. 2021 May 17;21(10):3490. doi: 10.3390/s21103490
1. Introduction 2
2. Forced Vibrations, Complex Resonance Frequencies 6
3. Techniques of Read-Out 8
3.1. Oscillator Circuits 9
3.2. Impedance Analysis 9
3.3. Ring-Down 10
3.4. Multi-Frequency Lock-In Amplification 10
3.5. Fast Measurements, Modulation Experiments 11
3.6. Noise and Drift 13
4. The Acoustic Multilayer Formalism and its Consequences 14
4.1. Qualitative Data inspection 14
4.2. The Small-Load Approximation in 1D (Parallel-Plate Model) 14
4.3. Inertial Loading 17
4.4. Semi-Infinite Viscoelastic Media 17
4.5. Films in Air 21
4.5.1. Very Thin Films (Sauerbrey Limit) 23
4.5.2. Infinite Thickness 23
4.5.3. Thin Viscoelastic Films 23
4.5.4. The Film Resonance 25
4.6. Layers Adsorbed from a Liquid Phase 27
4.6.1. General 27
4.6.2. Thin Adsorbates 28
4.6.3. Thick Layers 32
4.7. Viscoelastic Dispersion and High-Frequency Rheology 33
4.8. Slip 34
5. Non-Planar Samples 35
5.1. Point Contacts with Large Objects Clamped in Space by Inertia 35
5.2. Large Amplitudes, Partial Slip 36
5.3. Structured Samples, Numerical Calculations 40
5.4. Roughness 42
6. Coupled Resonances 43
6.1. The Sphere with Moderate Mass 43
6.2. Influence of Rotation on the Frequency Shift 46
6.3. Other Types of Coupled Resonances 49
7. Piezoelectric Stiffening 50
8. Beyond the Parallel-Plate Model 51
8.1. Energy Trapping, Compressional Waves 51
8.2. Anharmonic Sidebands 54
8.3. Towards 3D-Modelling: The Small-Load Approximation in Tensor Form 55
8.4. The 4-Element Circuit and the Electromechanical Analogy 58
8.5. Amplitude of Oscillation, Effective Area 60
8.6. Modal Mass, Sauerbrey Equation for Plates with Energy Trapping 61
9. Combined Instruments 62
9.1. The Electrochemical QCM (EQCM) 63
9.2. Combination with Optical Reflectometry 63
References 71