Table 1.
Technical parameters of selected wearable devices suitable for stress-detection.
| Garmin Vivoactive 4 [190] |
| Sensors: PPG 1, accelerometer, gyroscope, compass, barometer, thermometer, microphone, ambient light, GPS, GLONASS, Galileo |
| Physiology variables: HR, spO2, stress 2, respiration 2 (meditation), sleep and activity tracking, body battery energy |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, ANT+, Waterproof: 5 ATM; Form: Watch |
| Samsung Galaxy Watch Active 2 [191] |
| Sensors: PPG 1, ECG 3, accelerometer, gyroscope, compass, barometer, microphone, ambient light, GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou |
| Physiology variables: ECG 3, HR, BP 3, stress 2 (meditation), sleep and activity monitoring |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC; Waterproof: 5 ATM; Form: watch |
| Google Fossil Gen 5 [193] |
| Sensors: PPG 1, accelerometer, gyroscope, compass, barometer, microphone, ambient light, GPS |
| Physiology variables: HR, stress 2 (meditation), sleep and activity monitoring |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC; Waterproof: 3 ATM; Form: watch |
| Apple Watch 6 [192] |
| Sensors: PPG 1, ECG 3, accelerometer, gyroscope, compass, barometer, microphone, ambient light, GPS, GLONASS, Galileo |
| Physiology variables: ECG 3, HR, spO2, sleep and activity monitoring |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC; Waterproof: 5 ATM; Form: watch |
| Withings Scanwatch [196] |
| Sensors: PPG 1, ECG 3, accelerometer, gyroscope, compass, barometer, ambient light |
| Physiology variables: ECG 3, HR, spO2 (medical grade), sleep and activity tracking |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth Low Energy, USB; Waterproof: 5 ATM; Form: watch |
| Fitbit Sense [195] |
| Sensors: PPG 1, ECG 3, EDA 3, thermometer, accelerometer, gyroscope, barometer, microphone, ambient light, GPS, GLONASS |
| Physiology variables: ECG 3, HR, spO2, peripheral temperature, stress (meditation), sleep and activity monitoring |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth Low Energy, Wi-Fi, NFC; Waterproof: 5 ATM; Form: watch |
| Samsung Simband [200] |
| Sensors: PPG 1, ECG 3, EDA, bioimpedance, thermometer, accelerometer |
| Physiology variables: ECG 3, HR, EDA, bioimpedance (blood flow), peripheral temperature, activity tracking |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth, USB; Form: watch |
| Empatica Embrace 2 [199] |
| Sensors: EDA, temperature, accelerometer, gyroscope |
| Physiology variables: EDA (clinical grade), peripheral temperature, stress, sleep and activity tracking |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth Low Energy; Waterproof: 0.1 ATM; Form: wristband |
| Empatica E4 [199] |
| Sensors: PPG 1, EDA, infrared temperature, accelerometer, event maker |
| Physiology variables: HR, spO2, EDA, peripheral temperature, activity tracking |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth Low Energy, USB 2.0, Raw data analysis; Waterproof: 0.1 ATM; Form: wristband |
| Zephyr Bioharness 3 [202] |
| Sensors: HR, RR, accelerometer |
| Physiology variables: HR, RR, activity monitoring |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth Low Energy; Form: chest-belt |
| Quardiocore [203] |
| Sensors: ECG, skin temperature, accelerometer, gyroscope, compass |
| Physiology variables: ECG, HR, RR, body core temperature, activity tracking |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth 4.0; Form: chest-belt |
| Philips Wearable biosensor [204] |
| Sensors: ECG, skin temperature, accelerometer |
| Physiology variables: ECG, HR, RR, body core temperature, activity tracking |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth; Form: chest-belt |
| Oura health ring [232] |
| Sensors: PPG 4, accelerometer, gyroscope, NTC thermometer |
| Physiology variables: HR, RR 2, peripheral temperature, stress (meditation), sleep and activity tracking |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth Low Energy; Waterproof: 10 ATM; Form: ring |
| Neurosky MindWave [205] |
| Sensors: EEG |
| Physiology variables: EEG |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth/Bluetooth Low Energy dual mode; Form: headband |
| Muse 2 EEG [206] |
| Sensors: EEG, PPG 1, accelerometer, gyroscope |
| Physiology variables: EEG (emotions), HR, stress (meditation) and activity tracking |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth 4.2, USB; Form: headband |
| Flowtime EEG [207] |
| Sensors: EEG, PPG 1 |
| Physiology variables: EEG, HR, stress tracking (active/neutral/calm) |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth; Form: headband |
| Spire Health Tag [208] |
| Sensors: PPG 1, accelerometer |
| Physiology variables: HR, RR 2, stress (calm/focus/tension), sleep and activity tracking |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth; Form: adhered to clothes; Washer and dryer proof |
| Multi-sensor concept |
| Sensors: ECG, PPG 4, respiration, EDA (IDA microelectrodes), 2× infrared temperature, 2× accelerometer, gyroscope, compass |
| Physiology variables: ECG, HR, spO2, EDA, respiration, peripheral and body core temperature (heat gradient), BP (derived from ECG and PPG), stress, sleep and activity monitoring |
| Connectivity: Bluetooth Low Energy, USB; Form: ring and chest-belt |
1 Reflectance principle. 2 Derived from HRV. 3 On demand—second hand must be placed on device. 4 Transmittance principle.