Table 3. State-Of-The-Art Electrochemical Performance of LiMn2O4-Based Energy Material.
| electrochemical
performance (discharge) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| material | production technique | initial capacity | capacity retention | ref |
| LiMn2O4 | FSPa | 111.4 mA h g–1, 1 C | 88% (100 cycles, 1 C) | this work |
| AlPO4-mixed LiMn2O4 | FSPa | 116.1 mA h g–1, 1 C | 93% (100 cycles, 1 C) | this work |
| 103.1 mA h g–1, 2 C | 82% (100 cycles, 5 C) | |||
| 88.4 mA h g–1, 5 C | ||||
| 35.28 mA h g–1, 10 C | ||||
| LiMn2O4 | solvothermal lithiation | 137.4 mA h g–1, C/2 | 96.4% (100 cycles, C/2) | (67) |
| LiMn2O4 | solid-state reaction | 112 mA h g–1, C/5 | 85% (100 cycles, C/5) | (11) |
| LiMn2O4 | one-pot resorcinol formaldehyde route | 131 mA h g–1, C/2 | 90% (100 cycles, C/2) | (71) |
| LiMn2O4 | resorcinol formaldehyde route | 136 mA h g–1, C/5 | 79% at 60 C | (21) |
| LiMn2O4 | FSP | 102.4 mA h g–1, C/5 | 78% (60 cycles, 50 C) | (39) |
| 108 mA h g–1, 1 C | ||||
| LiMn2O4 | solid-state reaction | 111.9 mA h g–1, C/5 | 89.8% (100 cycles, C/5) | (51) |
| lithium-rich Li1.09Mn1.91O4 | solid-state reaction | 116 mA h g–1, C/5 | 93% (100 cycles, C/5) | (11) |
| LiMn2O4/graphite | gel polymer electrolyte | 105 mA h g–1, C/5 | 90% (100 cycles, C/5) | (4) |
| LiMn2O4/multi-walled carbon nanotubes | low-temperature, one-pot synthesis | 120 mA h g–1, C/10 | 96% at 10 C | (16) |
| LiMn2O4/reduced graphene oxide hybrid | microwave-assisted hydrothermal method | 137 mA h g–1, 1 C | 90% (100 cycles, 1 C) | (9) |
| LiMn2O4/carbon nanocomposites | FSP | 113 mA h g–1, C/2 | 80% at 5 C | (40) |
| 105 mA h g–1, 1 C | ||||
| carbon-coated LiMn2O4 | solid-state reaction | 118 mA h g–1, 1 C | 90% (100 cycles, 1 C) | (13) |
| AlPO4-coated LiMn2O4 | solid-state reaction, chemical deposition method | 113.2 mA h g–1, C/2, 30 °C | 97.4% (100 cycles, C/2) | (56) |
| P-doped LiMn2O4 | wet method | 78.5 mA·g–1, 10 C, 55 °C | 92.3% (500 cycles, 10 C, 55 °C) | (65) |
| Li1.02Ni0.05Mn1.93 O4 | solution combustion | 119.8, 107.1, and 97.9 mA·g–1 at 1, 5, 10 C | 91.7% (1000 cycles, 5 C) | (66) |
| microspheres and tubular LiMn2O4 | solvothermal process | 124.2 mA·g–1 at 10 C measured at −5 and 55 °C | 84.3% (1000 cycles, 10 C) | (67) |
| LiMn2O4 | sol–gel method | 110 and 102 mA·g–1 at 2 and 10 C, 500 cycles, 55 °C | 81.2 and 72% after 200 cycles measured at 1 and 10 C | (68) |
| Li1.08Al0.08Mn1.85Co0.0O3.9F0.1 | sol–gel method | 111.1 and 102.5 mA·g–1 after 850 cycles at 1 and 5 C | 70.5% after 850 cycles at 1 C | (69) |
| porous LiMn2O4 | solvothermal method | 119, 107, and 98 mA·g–1 after 500 cycles at 2, 10, and 20 C | 82, 91, and 80% after 500 cycles at 2, 10, and 20 C | (70) |
The performance of our AlPO4 mixed LiMn2O4 (116.1 mA h g–1 at 1 C) is much better compared to the performances of other FSP materials reported (108 mA h g–1, at 1 C and 105 mA h g–1 at 1 C).39,40 The overall initial capacity obtained in the present investigation ranges from 111.4 to 116.1 mA h g–1 for pure and AlPO4-mixed LiMn2O4, respectively. With respect to other synthesis methods, keeping the same C-rate (1 C), the capability of LiMn2O4 is limited to typical 120 mA h g–1.72 Compared to the other reported data shown in Table 3, the performance of our material is at the same level or even better at higher C-rates. All the electrochemical measurements were performed at room temperature and the data in the literature showing better performance are due to the testing parameter and not because of the intrinsic property of the material. In principle, the LiMn2O4-based materials obtained from FSP is at the same level or even outperforms the state-of-the-art at a higher C-rate.