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. 2021 May 18;22(10):5300. doi: 10.3390/ijms22105300

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Optogenetic control of PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling. A wide variety of optogenetic tools is available for control of individual signaling proteins downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Different optogenetic switches were used for the control of the respective signaling protein. SOS: PHYB/PIF [57] and iLID [58]. RAF: CRY2/CRY2 [59], CRY2high [27], CRY2low [27] and CRY2/CIBN [60,61], pdDronpa1 [32]. MEK: pdDronpa1-based psMEK1 [32,62]. 5-ptase: CRY2/CIBN [63]. PI3K: CRY2/CIBN [64], Magnets [29], PYHB/PIF [65]. AKT: CRY2/CIBN [66,67]. CNK1: CRY2/CRY2 [68]. Abbreviations: 5-ptase, inositol 5-phosphatase OCRL; GRB2, growth factor-regulated binding protein 2; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate; RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase.