Table 2.
Summarization of PEA’s immunomodulatory effects.
| Effects | Mechanisms of Action | References |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-inflammatory/prophylactic | Regulation of macrophages and cytokines via PPAR-α | [38,39] |
| Anti-inflammatory | Control of MC degranulation | [40,41] |
| Prophylactic | Nonspecific bacterial resistance | [42,43,44] |
| Entourage | Modulation of migration and phagocytic activities of macrophages and microglial cells | [91,92,93] |
| Anti-inflammatory/Gut-derived immunity modulation | Maintenance of gut barrier and microbiome integrity via PPAR-α | [83,84] |