Table 2.
Energy and nutrient intake (including fortification, without supplements) of vegetarian (VG, n = 145), vegan (VN, n = 110) and omnivore (OM, n = 135) participants of the German VeChi Youth Study (n = 390, 6–18 years old) 1.
| VG | VN | OM | Total Model | Pairwise Comparison | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P50 (P25; P75) | P50 (P25; P75) | P50 (P25; P75) | p 2 [η2] | VG-VN p 2 | VG-OM p 2 | VN-OM p 2 | |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1708 (1367; 1975) | 1634 (1358; 1903) | 1737 (1431; 2150) | ||||
| (MJ/day) | 7.2 (5.7; 8.3) | 6.8 (5.7; 8.0) | 7.3 (6.0; 9.0 | 0.9922 [0.0001] | 0.9366 | 0.9922 | 0.9922 |
| ED (kJ/g) 3 | 5.94 (5.11; 7.08) | 5.39 (4.68; 6.14) | 6.16 (5.26; 7.19) | 0.0152 [0.0238] | 0.0039 | 0.6110 | 0.0512 |
| Macronutrients | |||||||
| Protein (g/kg BW/day) | 1.14 (0.88; 1.53) | 1.16 (0.89; 1.67) | 1.36 (1.07; 1.74) | 0.0011 [0.0386] | 0.0180 | 0.0011 | 0.5918 |
| Carbohydrates (%E) | 54.7 (50.2; 59.3) | 56.5 (50.6; 61.2) | 49.1 (45.0; 54.6) | 0.0002 [0.0679] | 0.2994 | 0.0002 | 0.0002 |
| Free sugars (%E) 4 | 11.6 (8.1; 15.4) | 6.6 (4.0; 9.5) | 10.5 (7.3; 15.5) | 0.0002 [0.0929] | 0.0002 | 0.1789 | 0.0002 |
| Dietary fibre (g/1000 kcal) | 14.7 (12.0; 17.7) | 21.9 (18.0; 25.5) | 12.0 (10.1; 14.2) | 0.0002 [0.2082] | 0.0002 | 0.0006 | 0.0002 |
| Fat (%E) | 32.3 (28.0; 37.8) | 29.4 (25.3; 36.6) | 36.4 (30.7; 40.6) | 0.0037 [0.0316] | 0.0368 | 0.0376 | 0.0010 |
| SFA (%E) | 12.5 (9.9; 15.6) | 7.8 (5.9; 10.3) | 15.9 (12.9; 18.8) | 0.0002 [0.1888] | 0.0002 | 0.0002 | 0.0002 |
| MUFA (%E) | 10.3 (8.7; 12.3) | 9.5 (7.6; 13.0) | 11.8 (10.2; 14.0) | 0.0008 [0.0282] | 0.1370 | 0.0178 | 0.0022 |
| PUFA (%E) | 6.1 (4.7; 7.9) | 8.6 (7.0; 10.8) | 4.8 (3.9; 6.0) | 0.0002 [0.1556] | 0.0002 | 0.0002 | 0.0002 |
| Vitamins | |||||||
| Retinol-Equivalents (µg/1000 kcal) | 435 (317; 641) | 465 (330; 698) | 453 (337; 650) | 0.2719 [0.0076] | 0.9175 | 0.1116 | 0.2759 |
| Tocopherol-Equivalents (mg/1000 kcal) | 7.2 (5.7; 9.4) | 9.6 (7.9; 11.6) | 6.0 (4.8; 7.6) | 0.0002 [0.0978] | 0.0002 | 0.0015 | 0.0002 |
| Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal) | 45 (31; 64) | 67 (43; 91) | 44 (30; 66) | 0.0015 [0.0361] | 0.0004 | 0.2731 | 0.0398 |
| Folate-Equivalents (µg/1000 kcal) | 191 (101; 147) | 152 (126; 185) | 109 (83; 131) | 0.0002 [0.0623] | 0.0002 | 0.0768 | 0.0002 |
| Vitamin B1 (µg/1000 kcal) | 440 (360; 558) | 605 (497; 700) | 465 (413; 560) | 0.0002 [0.0927] | 0.0002 | 0.0413 | 0.0012 |
| Vitamin B2 (µg/1000 kcal) | 476 (382; 588) | 381 (304; 483) | 544 (458; 645) | 0.0002 [0.0754] | 0.0002 | 0.0149 | 0.0002 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/1000 kcal) | 0.6 (0.4; 1.1) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.2) | 1.6 (1.2; 2.0) | 0.0002 [0.2057] | 0.0002 | ||
| Minerals | |||||||
| Calcium (mg/1000 kcal) | 390 (300; 494) | 305 (236; 424) | 400 (330; 474) | 0.0011 [0.0266] | 0.0026 | 0.9247 | 0.0182 |
| Magnesium (mg/1000 kcal) | 176 (153; 210) | 251 (206; 305) | 153 (135; 179) | 0.0002 [0.2220] | 0.0002 | 0.0216 | 0.0002 |
| Iron (mg/1000 kcal) | 6.8 (5.6; 7.8) | 9.2 (7.6; 10.8) | 5.7 (5.2; 6.6) | 0.0002 [0.1922] | 0.0002 | 0.0099 | 0.0002 |
| Zinc (mg/1000 kcal) | 4.7 (3.9; 5.3) | 5.1 (4.3; 6.0) | 5.0 (4.4; 5.6) | 0.0002 [0.531] | 0.0002 | 0.0137 | 0.1680 |
Unadjusted data, BW: Body weight; %E: Percentage of energy intake. 1 Eleven participants did not provide a dietary record. 2 Analysis of covariance, adjusted for age (years), BMI-SDS, socioeconomic status (low/middle/high), smoking in the household (yes/no), physical activity (MET-minutes), use of dietary supplements (yes/no), p-values were adjusted for multiple testing according to the False Discovery Rate (FDR) method. 3 Energy density, excluding beverages. 4 Added sugars as well as sugars from juices.