Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants according to tourist experiences at baseline
| Characteristics | N | Tourism experiences | t/χ2 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD or n (%) | |||||
| 0 times within the past two years | ≥1 times within the past two years | ||||
| Total | 8773 (92.15) | 747 (7.85) | |||
| Basic demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 248.867 | < 0.0001 | |||
| < 85 | 4417 | 3864 (87.48) | 553 (12.52) | ||
| ≥ 85 | 5103 | 4909 (96.20) | 194 (3.80) | ||
| Sex | 25.202 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Male | 4263 | 3863 (90.62) | 400 (9.38) | ||
| Female | 5257 | 4910 (93.40) | 347 (6.60) | ||
| Education | 209.587 | < 0.0001 | |||
| No school | 5535 | 5286 (95.50) | 249 (4.50) | ||
| 1 year or more | 3944 | 3446 (87.37) | 498 (12.63) | ||
| Residence | 93.101 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Urban | 4544 | 4061 (89.37) | 483 (10.63) | ||
| Rural | 4976 | 4712 (94.69) | 264 (5.31) | ||
| Marital status | 135.646 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Unmarried | 98 | 93 (94.90) | 5 (5.10) | ||
| Married | 3586 | 3157 (88.04) | 429 (11.96) | ||
| Divorced or widowed | 5806 | 5496 (94.66) | 310 (5.34) | ||
| Living pattern | 1.291 | 0.256 | |||
| Living with family members | 7647 | 7033 (91.97) | 614 (8.03) | ||
| Living alone/in an institution | 1812 | 1681 (92.77) | 131 (7.23) | ||
| Lifestyle characteristics | |||||
| Smoking status | 21.957 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Non-smoker | 6254 | 5819 (93.04) | 435 (6.96) | ||
| Smoker | 3218 | 2906 (90.30) | 312 (9.70) | ||
| Drinking status | 23.601 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Non-drinker | 6467 | 6018 (93.06) | 449 (6.94) | ||
| Drinker | 2956 | 2665 (90.16) | 291 (9.84) | ||
| Regular exercise | 205.746 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 4302 | 3778 (87.82) | 524 (12.18) | ||
| No | 5101 | 4887 (95.80) | 214 (4.20) | ||
| Leisure activities | 9492 | 2.62 (±1.87) | 4.40 (±1.77) | −26.274 | < 0.0001 |
| Dietary diversity score | 177.506 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Poor | 4868 | 4661 (95.75) | 207 (4.25) | ||
| Good | 4648 | 4109 (88.40) | 539 (11.60) | ||
| Health status | |||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 70.359 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 2379 | 2268 (95.33) | 111 (4.67) | ||
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 5398 | 4933 (91.39) | 465 (8.61) | ||
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 1062 | 931 (87.66) | 131 (12.34) | ||
| Obese (≥30) | 288 | 254 (88.19) | 34 (11.81) | ||
| Depression | 89.841 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 1200 | 1102 (91.83) | 98 (8.17) | ||
| No | 6725 | 6109 (90.84) | 616 (9.16) | ||
| Unknown | 1595 | 1562 (97.93) | 33 (2.07) | ||
| Hypertension | 15.416 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 2695 | 2444 (90.69) | 251 (9.31) | ||
| No | 6414 | 5937 (92.56) | 477 (7.44) | ||
| Unknown | 411 | 392 (95.38) | 19 (4.62) | ||
| Diabetes | 34.445 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 393 | 333 (84.73) | 60 (15.27) | ||
| No | 8629 | 7969 (92.35) | 660 (7.65) | ||
| Unknown | 498 | 471 (94.58) | 27 (5.42) | ||
| Heart diseases | 15.729 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 1155 | 1031 (89.26) | 124 (10.74) | ||
| No | 7892 | 7300 (92.50) | 592 (7.50) | ||
| Unknown | 473 | 442 (93.45) | 31 (6.55) | ||
| Stroke | 2.1 | 0.35 | |||
| Yes | 783 | 732 (93.49) | 51 (6.51) | ||
| No | 8301 | 7640 (92.04) | 661 (7.96) | ||
| Unknown | 436 | 401 (91.97) | 35 (8.03) | ||
| Cancer | 9.012 | 0.011 | |||
| Yes | 81 | 68 (83.95) | 13 (16.05) | ||
| No | 8896 | 8197(92.14) | 699 (7.86) | ||
| Unknown | 543 | 508 (93.55) | 35 (6.45) | ||
| Arthritis | 6.986 | 0.030 | |||
| Yes | 1319 | 1192 (90.37) | 127 (9.63) | ||
| No | 7781 | 7190(92.40) | 591 (7.60) | ||
| Unknown | 420 | 391 (93.10) | 29 (6.90) | ||
| Cognitive impairment | 154.251 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 2349 | 2305 (98.13) | 44 (1.87) | ||
| No | 7160 | 6457 (90.18) | 703 (9.82) | ||
| ADL in disability | 103.425 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 2473 | 2395 (96.85) | 78 (3.15) | ||
| No | 6825 | 6171 (90.42) | 654 (9.58) | ||
| Toothache or pain in the jaw joint more than once during the past 6 months | 40.357 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 1654 | 1461 (88.33) | 193 (11.67) | ||
| No | 7596 | 7062 (92.97) | 534 (7.03) | ||
| Socioeconomic status | |||||
| Childhood SES | 33.618 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 6315 | 5862 (92.83) | 453 (7.17) | ||
| No | 2024 | 1804 (89.13) | 220 (10.87) | ||
| Unknown | 1181 | 1107 (93.73) | 74 (6.27) | ||
| Adult SES | 94.262 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Good | 1619 | 1395 (86.16) | 224 (13.84) | ||
| Poor | 7800 | 7279 (93.32) | 521 (6.68) | ||
Notes: Missing data: Basic demographic characteristics: education 41 (0.43%), marital status 30 (0.32%), and living pattern 61 (0.64%); Lifestyle characteristics: smoking status 48 (0.50%), drinking status 97 (1.02%), regular exercise 117 (1.23%), leisure activities 28 (0.29%), DDS 4 (0.04%); health status: BMI 393 (4.13%), cognitive impairment 11 (0.12%), ADL in disability 222 (2.33%), toothache or pain in the jaw joint more than once during the past 6 months 270 (2.84%); socioeconomic status: adult SES 101 (1.06%)