Table 3.
Subgroup analysis for the association of tourism experiences with mortality
| Subgroup | ≥1 times within the past 2 years | |
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | P for interaction | |
| All | 0.73 (0.62–0.85) | |
| Basic demographic characteristics | ||
| Age (years) | 0.888 | |
| < 85 | 0.80 (0.64–1.01) | |
| ≥ 85 | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) | |
| Sex | 0.544 | |
| Male | 0.75 (0.61–0.93) | |
| Female | 0.69 (0.53–0.88) | |
| Education | 0.539 | |
| No school | 0.68 (0.52–0.87) | |
| 1 year or more | 0.76 (0.62–0.94) | |
| Residence | 0.519 | |
| Urban | 0.66 (0.54–0.81) | |
| Rural | 0.85 (0.65–1.09) | |
| Marital status | 0.806 | |
| Unmarried | 0.47 (0.04–6.34) | |
| Married | 0.71 (0.55–0.92) | |
| Divorced or widowed | 0.74 (0.60–0.91) | |
| Living pattern | 0.180 | |
| Living with family members | 0.76 (0.64–0.90) | |
| Living alone/in an institution | 0.59 (0.38–0.89) | |
| Lifestyle characteristics | ||
| Smoking status | 0.027 | |
| Non-smoker | 0.64 (0.51–0.80) | |
| Smoker | 0.82 (0.65–1.04) | |
| Drinking status | 0.327 | |
| Non-drinker | 0.79 (0.64–0.97) | |
| Drinker | 0.66 (0.51–0.86) | |
| Regular exercise | 0.643 | |
| Yes | 0.73 (0.60–0.89) | |
| No | 0.70 (0.53–0.94) | |
| Leisure activities (median) | 0.974 | |
| 0–3 | 0.73 (0.58–0.92) | |
| 4–8 | 0.70 (0.56–0.88) | |
| Dietary diversity score | 0.643 | |
| Poor | 0.75 (0.57–0.99) | |
| Good | 0.73 (0.60–0.88) | |
| Health status | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.482 | |
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 0.72 (0.52–0.99) | |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 0.69 (0.56–0.85) | |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 0.66 (0.70–1.77) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 0.65 (0.23–1.87) | |
| Depression | 0.442 | |
| Yes | 0.62 (0.40–0.96) | |
| No | 0.75 (0.63–0.90) | |
| Unknown | 0.59 (0.29–1.20) | |
| Hypertension | 0.633 | |
| Yes | 0.78 (0.58–1.05) | |
| No | 0.72 (0.60–0.88) | |
| Unknown | 0.41 (0.14–1.23) | |
| Diabetes | 0.666 | |
| Yes | 0.80 (0.45–1.42) | |
| No | 0.72 (0.60–0.85) | |
| Unknown | 0.60 (0.24–1.53) | |
| Heart diseases | 0.753 | |
| Yes | 0.78(0.51–1.19) | |
| No | 0.74 (0.62–0.88) | |
| Unknown | 0.51 (0.20–1.28) | |
| Stroke | 0.223 | |
| Yes | 1.64 (0.97–2.76) | |
| No | 0.68 (0.57–0.81) | |
| Unknown | 0.61 (0.29–1.31) | |
| Cancer | 0.724 | |
| Yes | 0.05 (0.01–0.57) | |
| No | 0.72 (0.61–0.85) | |
| Unknown | 0.72 (0.34–1.53) | |
| Arthritis | 0.670 | |
| Yes | 0.89 (0.60–1.33) | |
| No | 0.70 (0.58–0.84) | |
| Unknown | 0.79 (0.34–1.81) | |
| Cognitive impairment | 0.448 | |
| Yes | 0.87 (0.57–1.32) | |
| No | 0.72 (0.60–0.85) | |
| ADL in disability | 0.239 | |
| Yes | 0.84 (0.60–1.19) | |
| No | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) | |
| Toothache or pain in the jaw joint more than once during the past 6 months | 0.674 | |
| Yes | 0.58 (0.41–0.84) | |
| No | 0.77 (0.65–0.93) | |
| Socioeconomic status | ||
| Childhood SES | 0.369 | |
| Yes | 0.74 (0.61–0.91) | |
| No | 0.76 (0.56–1.04) | |
| Unknown | 0.47 (0.24–0.94) | |
| Adult SES | 0.315 | |
| Good | 0.86 (0.64–1.15) | |
| Poor | 0.68 (0.56–0.83) | |
Notes: We adjusted for all covariates, including age, sex, education, residence, marital status, living pattern, smoking status, drinking status, regular exercise, leisure activities, dietary diversity, BMI, depression, cognitive impairment, ADL in disability, history of chronic disease (hypertension, diabetes, heart diseases, and stroke), history of cancer, history of arthritis, toothache or pain in the jaw joint more than once during the past 6 months, childhood SES, and adult SES. cHR, crude hazard ratio; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio