Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| Variables | GDM group (n=147) | Control group (n=271) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal | |||
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 29.51±3.79 | 29.04±4.00 | 0.244 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 21.55±2.99 | 21.20±3.75 | 0.327 |
| Smoking status [n (%)] | |||
| Ever | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.74) | 0.763 |
| Never | 147 (100.00) | 269 (99.26) | |
| Second-hand smoking [n (%)] | |||
| Yes | 31 (21.09) | 75 (27.68) | 0.174 |
| No | 116 (78.91) | 196 (72.32) | |
| Drinking status [n (%)] | |||
| Ever | 1 (0.68) | 6 (2.21) | 0.443 |
| Never | 146 (99.32) | 265 (97.79) | |
| Parity [n (%)] | |||
| Nulliparae | 127 (86.39) | 219 (80.81) | 0.191 |
| Multiparae | 20 (13.61) | 52 (19.19) | |
| Family history of diabetes [n (%)] | |||
| Yes | 24 (16.33) | 35 (12.92) | 0.418 |
| No | 123 (83.67) | 236 (87.08) | |
| Gestational age, days (mean ± SD) | 277.75±7.47 | 276.37±7.96 | 0.085 |
| Peripartum antibiotics [n (%)] | |||
| Yes | 24 (16.33) | 27 (9.96) | 0.082 |
| No | 123 (3.67) | 244 (90.04) | |
| Neonatal | |||
| Sex [n (%)] | |||
| Boy | 74 (50.34) | 140 (51.66) | 0.876 |
| Girl | 73 (49.66) | 131 (48.34) | |
| Delivery status [n (%)] | |||
| Vaginal | 87 (59.18) | 201 (74.17) | 0.002 |
| Cesarean | 60 (40.82) | 70 (25.83) | |
| BW, g (mean ± SD) | 3511.63±425.40 | 3329.22±347.42 | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, BW birth weight