TABLE 4.
Between group comparison of changes in protein expression following 3 and 6 months of intervention
| Comparison with CON | VIG compared with MOD | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BIKE (n = 14) | MOD (n = 28) | VIG (n = 18) | ||||||
| IR (A.U.) a | ||||||||
| 3 months | 0.23 (0.02; 0.44) | 0.033 | 0.13 (−0.05; 0.32) | 0.155 | 0.14 (−0.06; 0.34) | 0.170 | 0.00 (−0.16; 0.17) | 0.952 |
| 6 months | 0.07 (−0.22; 0.37) | 0.612 | 0.11 (−0.15; 0.36) | 0.406 | 0.07 (−0.21; 0.34) | 0.631 | −0.04 (−0.26; 0.18) | 0.710 |
| Akt2 (%) b | ||||||||
| 3 months | 62 (18; 122) | 0.003 | 31 (−1; 74) | 0.056 | 23 (−9; 66) | 0.176 | −6 (−27; 20) | 0.596 |
| 6 months | 24 (−16; 84) | 0.274 | 34 (−5; 88) | 0.092 | 15 (−20; 66) | 0.447 | −14 (−36; 15) | 0.298 |
| AMPKa2 (%) b | ||||||||
| 3 months | 27 (−9; 77) | 0.162 | 8 (−20; 46) | 0.603 | 13 (−18; 56) | 0.442 | 5 (−20; 36) | 0.729 |
| 6 months | 16 (−23; 75) | 0.466 | −6 (−34; 35) | 0.749 | −13 (−41; 28) | 0.481 | −8 (−32; 25) | 0.609 |
| TBC1D4 (A.U.) a | ||||||||
| 3 months | 0.16 (−0.07; 0.40) | 0.172 | 0.10 (−0.11; 0.31) | 0.338 | 0.12 (−0.10; 0.34) | 0.284 | 0.02 (−0.16; 0.20) | 0.824 |
| 6 months | 0.17 (−0.14; 0.47) | 0.275 | 0.25 (−0.01; 0.52) | 0.060 | 0.29 (0.00; 0.57) | 0.048 | 0.03 (−0.19; 0.26) | 0.769 |
| GLUT4 (A.U.) a | ||||||||
| 3 months | 0.27 (−0.07; 0.62) | 0.120 | 0.22 (−0.09; 0.52) | 0.164 | 0.39 (0.06; 0.72) | 0.023 | 0.17 (−0.10; 0.44) | 0.221 |
| 6 months | 0.01 (−0.32; 0.33) | 0.962 | 0.07 (−0.21; 0.35) | 0.621 | 0.05 (−0.25; 0.35) | 0.747 | −0.02 (−0.26; 0.22) | 0.859 |
| HKII (%) b | ||||||||
| 3 months | 76 (5; 195) | 0.032 | 38 (−13; 118) | 0.169 | 70 (4; 178) | 0.036 | 23 (−18; 86) | 0.309 |
| 6 months | 69 (−14; 234) | 0.125 | 6 (−41; 92) | 0.836 | 39 (−26; 161) | 0.308 | 30 (−21; 114) | 0.293 |
| GS (A.U.) a | ||||||||
| 3 months | 0.23 (−0.08; 0.54) | 0.149 | 0.02 (−0.25; 0.30) | 0.861 | 0.10 (−0.20; 0.40) | 0.500 | 0.08 (−0.17; 0.32) | 0.536 |
| 6 months | 0.13 (−0.25; 0.51) | 0.500 | 0.17 (−0.16; 0.50) | 0.305 | 0.18 (−0.17; 0.54) | 0.311 | 0.01 (−0.27; 0.29) | 0.941 |
| PDH (A.U.) a | ||||||||
| 3 months | 0.43 (0.19; 0.68) | <0.001 | 0.30 (0.08; 0.52) | 0.008 | 0.42 (0.18; 0.66) | <0.001 | 0.12 (−0.07; 0.32) | 0.220 |
| 6 months | 0.48 (0.19; 0.77) | 0.001 | 0.39 (0.13; 0.64) | 0.003 | 0.54 (0.27; 0.81) | <0.001 | 0.15 (−0.06; 0.37) | 0.164 |
All results presented are estimates obtained from the linear mixed model used for the analyses.
Abbreviations: A.U., arbitrary units; Akt2, Rac‐beta serine/threonine‐protein kinase 2; AMPKα2, 5´‐AMP‐activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha‐2; BIKE, active commuting group; CON, control group; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; GS, glycogen synthase; HKII, hexokinase 2; IR, Insulin receptor; MOD, moderate intensity exercise group; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; TBC1D4, TBC1 domain family member 4;VIG, vigorous intensity exercise group.
Results are presented as estimated mean differences in change (95% confidence interval) between the two groups being compared.
Transformed for analysis and back‐transformed for presentation; results are presented as the estimated ratio (95% confidence interval) between the relative changes from baseline to follow‐up between the two groups being compared. At 3 months, protein expression data were missing for three participants in MOD and one in VIG. At 6 months, two participants in CON, BIKE, and MOD, plus one in VIG, were missing protein expression data.