TABLE 3.
Long‐term effect of alcohol consumption on FMD (N = 11)
| Study | Subject characteristics | Alcohol consumption |
Outcomes FMD versus reference group |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol use group | n (F) | Age (years) | BMI (kg/m2) | SBP (mmHg) | FMD (%) | History length | Amount | ||
| Sample‐based cross‐sectional studies | |||||||||
| Di Gennaro et al. (2007) | Abstainers | 39 (12) | 48 ± 10 | 24 ± 0 | 118 ± 11 | 14.9 ± 7.4 | Lifetime | Never | Reference group |
| Patients with history of chronic alcoholism following alcohol abstinence | 42 (10) | 48 ± 10 | 25 ± 0 | 128 ± 13 | 10.1 ± 4.6 | 6–41 years of alcohol use, followed by 6–144 months of abstinence | 8–32 drinks/day; abstinence | ↓32% | |
| Di Gennaro et al. (2012) | Teetotalers | 35 (8) | 46 ± 11 | 24 ± 0 | 118 ± 10 | 14.8 ± 7.5 | Lifetime | <10 drinks | Reference group |
| Heavy alcoholics | 29 (2) | 45 ± 9 | 25 ± 4 | 130 ± 12 | 10.6 ± 6.2 | 2–42 years of alcohol use, followed by 6–14 months of abstinence | 86–215 g/day of alcohol; abstinence | ↓28% | |
| 145 ± 20 | 8.5 ± 5.4 | 2–42 years | 86–215 g/day of alcohol | ↓43% (↓19% vs. abstinence group) | |||||
| Goslawski et al. (2013) | Abstainers | 19 (9) | 25 ± NR | 24 ± 1 | 114 ± 3 | 11.0 ± 3.2 | Past year | ≤5 drinks | Reference group |
| Repeated binge drinkers a | 17 (6) | 23 ± NR | 25 ± 1 | 120 ± 8 | 8.4 ± 2.9 | 4 ± 2 years | 6 ± 4 binge‐drinking episode over the past month | ↓24% | |
| Luo et al. (2017) | Abstainers | 30 (0) | 55 ± 8 | 26 ± 2 | 129 ± 6 | 13.4 ± 9.4 | Lifetime | Never | Reference group |
| Alcoholics with mild alcohol use | 30 (0) | 56 ± 7 | 25 ± 3 | 120 ± 11 | 12.8 ± 0.4 | 5–8 years | ≤90 mg/day of alcohol (2–3 beers), 3–5 days/week | ↔ | |
| Alcoholics with moderate alcohol use | 31 (0) | 58 ± 6 | 26 ± 1 | 125 ± 5 | 7.6 ± 0.2 | 9–20 years | >90 and <150 mg/day of alcohol, 3–5 days/week | ↓43% (↓41% vs. mild group) | |
| Alcoholics with severe alcohol use | 31 (0) | 54 ± 7 | 26 ± 2 | 131 ± 6 | 5.9 ± 0.2 | >10 years | ≥150 mg/day of alcohol (>4 beers), 6–7 days/week | ↓56% (↓54% vs. mild group and ↓22% vs. moderate group) | |
| Mairano et al. (1999) | Healthy controls | 20 (0) | 31 ± 5 | 27 ± NR | 124 ± 6 | 13.7 ± 4.7 | NR | NR | Reference group |
| Alcoholics | 20 (0) | 32 ± 5 | 27 ± NR | 127 ± 7 | 6.3 ± 3.7 | At least 8 years of alcohol use, followed by 3‐month abstinence | 75 g/day of alcohol; abstinence | ↓54% | |
| Teragawa et al. (2002) | Abstainers with CAD | 54 (0) | 64 ± 14 | 24 ± 3 | 108 ± 15 | 2.3 ± 1.5 | ≥1 year | 0 drinks/week | Reference group |
| Drinkers with CAD | 54 (0) | 66 ± 7 | 24 ± 2 | 109 ± 15 | 3.8 ± 1.5 | NR | ≥1 drink/week | ↑65% | |
| Population‐based cohort cross‐sectional studies | |||||||||
| Oda et al. (2017) | General population (Asian) | 733 (0) | 48 ± 8 | 24 ± 3 | 127 ± 16 | 6.6 ± 3.0 | Past year | 0 g/week | Reference group |
| 1168 (0) | 47 ± 9 | 23 ± 3 | 127 ± 15 | 6.2 ± 3.0 | Past year | >0 to 140 g/week | ↓ OR 1.38 (95%CI 1.10–1.75) | ||
| 405 (0) | 49 ± 8 | 24 ± 3 | 129 ± 16 | 6.0 ± 3.0 | Past year | >140 to 280 g/week | ↓ OR 1.36 (95%CI 1.01–1.82) | ||
| 225 (0) | 49 ± 8 | 24 ± 3 | 130 ± 17 | 5.5 ± 2.9 | Past year | >280 to 420 g/week | ↓ OR 2.05 (95%CI 1.46–2.87) | ||
| 203 (0) | 49 ± 7 | 24 ± 3 | 129 ± 17 | 5.3 ± 3.0 | Past year | >420 g/week | ↓ OR 2.04 (95%CI 1.43–2.89) | ||
| Oda et al. (2020) | General population (Asian) | 390 (390) | 47 ± 14 | 22 ± 4 | 121 ± 8 | 7.3 ± 3.8 | Past year | 0 g/week | Reference group |
| 240 (240) | 43 ± 13 | 21 ± 3 | 115 ± 17 | 7.2 ± 3.5 | Past year | >0 to 140 g/week | ↔ | ||
| 50 (50) | 39 ± 13 | 20 ± 2 | 108 ± 14 | 8.2 ± 4.3 | Past year | >140 to 280 g/week | ↔ | ||
| 22 (22) | 42 ± 17 | 21 ± 3 | 117 ± 24 | 5.9 ± 2.5 | Past year | >280 g/week | ↓34% when matched for age and medical histories | ||
| Suzuki et al. (2009) | General population, stroke‐free | 884 (500) | 67 ± 9 | 28 ± 5 | 143 ± 19 | 5.5 ± 3.8 | Lifetime | <1 drink/month | Reference group |
| Lifetime | 1 drink/month to 2 drinks/day | ↑ OR 1.69 (95%CI 1.17–2.44) | |||||||
| Lifetime | >2 drinks/day | ↔ OR 1.56 (95%CI 0.96–2.54) | |||||||
| Tanaka et al. (2016) | General population (Asian) | 81 (0) | 53 ± NR | 25 ± NR | 123 ± NR | 7.2 ± NR | Lifetime | Never | Reference group |
| 33 (0) | 60 ± NR | 25 ± NR | 124 ± NR | 6.4 ± NR | Lifetime | Former | ↔ OR 1.76 (95%CI 0.69–4.50) | ||
| 114 (0) | 55 ± NR | 24 ± NR | 125 ± NR | 7.5 ± NR | Lifetime | <23 g/day | ↔ OR 0.86 (95%CI 0.42–1.76) | ||
| 74 (0) | 56 ± NR | 24 ± NR | 129 ± NR | 6.7 ± NR | Lifetime | 23–46 g/day | ↔ OR 0.98 (95%CI 0.45–2.12) | ||
| 102 (0) | 55 ± NR | 24 ± NR | 132 ± NR | 5.7 ± NR | Lifetime | ≥46 g/day | ↓ OR 2.39 (95%CI 1.15–4.95) | ||
| van Bussel et al. (2017) | Hoorn study | 139 (105) | 71 ± 7 | 28 ± 5 | 142 ± 22 | 0.14 ± 0.11 mm | Past year | No consumption of alcohol‐containing beverages | Reference group |
| 414 (177) | 69 ± 7 | 28 ± 4 | 142 ± 20 | 0.16 ± 0.17 mm | Past year |
Men: >0 and ≤20 g/day women: >0 and ≤10 g/day |
↔ β −0.03 (95%CI −0.25 to 0.19) | ||
| 248 (117) | 67 ± 7 | 28 ± 4 | 142 ± 20 | 0.20 ± 0.18 mm | Past year |
Men: >20 g/day women: >10 g/day |
↔ β 0.17 (95%CI −0.07 to 0.41) | ||
Data are n or mean ± SD.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FMD, flow‐mediated dilation; N, number of the reviewed studies; n, number of the study participants; NR, not reported; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
a
Binge drinking was defined as ≥5 drinks for men and ≥4 drinks for women over 2 h.