Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the intent-to-treat population in a cluster-randomized controlled trial of iMBC program among women in Northern Ghana, 2018
| Control | Intervention | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 153) | (N = 221) | (N = 374) | p value | |
| Age in years | 0.999 | |||
| Mean (s.d.) | 26.95 (6.53) | 26.95 (6.99) | 26.95 (6.80) | |
| Min, Max | 16.0, 45.0 | 16.0, 50.0 | 16.0, 50.0 | |
| Number of pregnancies | 0.560 | |||
| Mean (s.d.) | 3.26 (1.78) | 3.38 (2.04) | 3.33 (1.93) | |
| Min, Max | 1.0, 9.0 | 1.0, 9.0 | 1.0, 9.0 | |
| SES asset index (quintiles) | 0.022 | |||
| Lowest quintile | 33 (21.6%) | 40 (18.4%) | 73 (19.7%) | |
| Second quintile | 40 (26.1%) | 33 (15.2%) | 73 (19.7%) | |
| Middle quintile | 28 (18.3%) | 48 (22.1%) | 76 (20.5%) | |
| Fourth quintile | 29 (19.0%) | 40 (18.4%) | 69 (18.6%) | |
| Highest quintile | 23 (15.0%) | 56 (25.8%) | 79 (21.4%) | |
| Household hunger in past 30 days | 0.161 | |||
| None/little | 114 (74.5%) | 159 (71.9%) | 273 (73.0%) | |
| Moderate | 34 (22.2%) | 60 (27.1%) | 94 (25.1%) | |
| Severe | 5 (3.3%) | 2 (0.9%) | 7 (1.9%) | |
| Highest level of school attended | 0.141 | |||
| No education | 74 (48.4%) | 108 (48.9%) | 182 (48.7%) | |
| Primary | 39 (25.5%) | 51 (23.1%) | 90 (24.1%) | |
| Post-primary | 23 (15.0%) | 49 (22.2%) | 72 (19.3%) | |
| Secondary/A level | 14 (9.2%) | 13 (5.9%) | 27 (7.2%) | |
| College/university | 3 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (0.8%) | |
| Self-reported physical health | 0.269 | |||
| Excellent | 18 (11.8%) | 17 (7.7%) | 35 (9.4%) | |
| Very good | 64 (41.8%) | 82 (37.1%) | 146 (39.0%) | |
| Good | 53 (34.6%) | 82 (37.1%) | 135 (36.1%) | |
| Fair | 17 (11.1%) | 35 (15.8%) | 52 (13.9%) | |
| Poor | 1 (0.7%) | 5 (2.3%) | 6 (1.6%) | |
| Relationship status | 0.094 | |||
| Married, living with husband | 140 (91.5%) | 194 (89.0%) | 334 (90.0%) | |
| Married, not living with husband | 7 (4.6%) | 19 (8.7%) | 26 (7.0%) | |
| Living with partner, not married | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.5%) | |
| Has partner/not married or living together | 1 (0.7%) | 4 (1.8%) | 5 (1.3%) | |
| No current partner | 3 (2.0%) | 1 (0.5%) | 4 (1.1%) | |
| Intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in past 12 months | 0.025 | |||
| No | 103 (68.2%) | 117 (56.5%) | 220 (61.5%) | |
| Yes | 48 (31.8%) | 90 (43.5%) | 138 (38.5%) | |
| Intimate partner emotional violence in past 12 months | 0.015 | |||
| No | 95 (62.9%) | 104 (50.0%) | 199 (55.4%) | |
| Yes | 56 (37.1%) | 104 (50.0%) | 160 (44.6%) | |
| Early stimulation behaviors during pregnancy total score (4 items) | 0.004 | |||
| Mean (s.d.) | 4.03 (1.52) | 4.54 (1.73) | 4.33 (1.66) | |
| Min, Max | 2.7, 8.7 | 2.7, 10.7 | 2.7, 10.7 | |
| Early stimulation behaviors by mother during pregnancy: Do you… | ||||
| (1) Talk softly to him/her and touch belly? | 0.001 | |||
| Never | 83 (54.2%) | 75 (33.9%) | 158 (42.2%) | |
| Rarely | 18 (11.8%) | 25 (11.3%) | 43 (11.5%) | |
| Sometimes | 39 (25.5%) | 93 (42.1%) | 132 (35.3%) | |
| Frequently | 13 (8.5%) | 28 (12.7%) | 41 (11.0%) | |
| (2) Sing songs to him/her? | 0.713 | |||
| Never | 111 (72.5%) | 156 (70.6%) | 267 (71.4%) | |
| Rarely | 16 (10.5%) | 24 (10.9%) | 40 (10.7% | |
| Sometimes | 24 (15.7%) | 34 (15.4%) | 58 (15.5%) | |
| Frequently | 2 (1.3%) | 7 (3.2%) | 9 (2.4%) | |
| (3) Tell him/her about his/her family? | 0.417 | |||
| Never | 122 (79.7%) | 162 (73.3%) | 284 (75.9%) | |
| Rarely | 14 (9.2%) | 22 (10.0%) | 36 (9.6%) | |
| Sometimes | 16 (10.5%) | 33 (14.9%) | 49 (13.1%) | |
| Frequently | 1 (0.7%) | 4 (1.8%) | 5 (1.3%) | |
| (4) Dance to music? | 0.187 | |||
| Never | 107 (69.9%) | 133 (60.2%) | 240 (64.2%) | |
| Rarely | 15 (9.8%) | 24 (10.9%) | 39 (10.4%) | |
| Sometimes | 30 (19.6%) | 59 (26.7%) | 89 (23.8%) | |
| Frequently | 1 (0.7%) | 5 (2.3%) | 6 (1.6%) | |
| Social support: In the last month, how much assistance did you receive from | ||||
| Husband/partner | 0.149 | |||
| Never/insufficient | 75 (49.7%) | 126 (57.3%) | 201 (54.2%) | |
| Sufficient | 76 (50.3%) | 94 (42.7%) | 170 (45.8%) | |
| Male relatives | 0.190 | |||
| Never/insufficient | 113 (73.9%) | 176 (79.6%) | 289 (77.3%) | |
| Sufficient | 40 (26.1%) | 45 (20.4%) | 85 (22.7%) | |
| Female relatives | 0.100 | |||
| Never/insufficient | 89 (58.2%) | 147 (66.5%) | 236 (63.1%) | |
| Sufficient | 64 (41.8%) | 74 (33.5%) | 138 (36.9%) | |
| Female friends | 0.870 | |||
| Never/insufficient | 127 (83.0%) | 182 (82.4%) | 309 (82.6%) | |
| Sufficient | 26 (17.0%) | 39 (17.6%) | 65 (17.4%) | |
| Maternal mental health | ||||
| PHQ-9 symptom severity | 0.033 | |||
| None/minimal (0–4) | 69 (45.1%) | 70 (31.7%) | 139 (37.2%) | |
| Mild (5–9) | 62 (40.5%) | 99 (44.8%) | 161 (43.0%) | |
| Moderate (10–14) | 19 (12.4%) | 43 (19.5%) | 62 (16.6%) | |
| Moderately severe (15–19) | 3 (2.0%) | 9 (4.1%) | 12 (3.2%) | |
| PHQ-9 score | 0.003 | |||
| Mean (s.d.) | 5.54 (3.82) | 6.81 (4.21) | 6.29 (4.10) | |
| Min, Max | 0.0, 16.0 | 0.0, 16.0 | 0.0, 16.0 | |