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. 2021 May 18;10(5):1114. doi: 10.3390/foods10051114

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Overview of different PAs and their structural characteristics sorted by their grade of esterification: (A)—free bases; (B)—monoesters; (C)—open-chained diesters; (D)—cyclic diesters. The respective type of necine base is indicated in brackets: H—heliotrine (7S); O—otonecine (7R); P—platynecine (7R); R—retronecine (7R). The only 1,2-saturated PA, platyphylline, is indicated in italics. For cytotoxicity studies, all listed esters and the free bases heliotridine and retronecine were analyzed. The bold and underlined PAs represent the reduced test set for all subsequent experiments.