Table 1.
Summary of cognitive rehabilitation studies for PD.
| Authors | Sample | Characteristics of the Sample | H&Y Stages | Intervention | Format | Duration | Domains Trained | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sammer et al., 2006 [36] | 26 PD 12 PD-CR 14 PD-ACG |
Age: 70.8 PD-CR 68.5 PD-ACG Years of education: - |
2–3 | CR: Executive Function Training (Paper) ACG: Standard Treatment (Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy and Treatment) (Paper) |
Group | 10 sessions 30 min/session |
-Working memory -Executive functions |
Improvements in PD-CR: -Executive functions |
| París et al., 2011 [37] | 28 PD 12 PD-CR 16 PD-CG |
Age: 64.7 PD-CR 65.4 PD-CG Years of education: 9.8 PD-CR 9.5 PD-CG |
1–3 | “SmartBrain Tool” (Paper + Computer) |
Group + home | 12 sessions 3 times/week 4 weeks 45 min/session |
-Attention -Memory -Psychomotor speed -Executive functions -Visuospatial abilities -Language -Calculation abilities |
Improvements in PD-CR: -Attention -Processing speed -Visual memory -Visuospatial and visuoconstructive abilities -Semantic fluency -Executive functions |
| Edwards et al., 2013 [38] | 74 PD 32 PD-CR 42 PD-CG |
Age: 69.4 PD-CR 68.2 PD-CG Years of education: 14.8 PD-CR 15.4 PD-CG |
1–3 | “Insight Software” (Computer) |
Home | 36 sessions 3 times/week 3 months 60 min/session |
-Processing speed | Improvements in PD-CR: -Processing speed |
| Naismith et al., 2013 [39] | 50 PD 35 PD-CR 15 PD-CG |
Age: 68.5 PD-CR 64.9 PD-CG Years of education: 14.9 PD-CR 14.0 PD-CG |
1–3 | Cognitive training (Neuropsychological Educational Approach to Remediation (NEAR)) + Psychoeducation (Computer) |
Group | 14 sessions 7 weeks 2 times/week 60 min of CR 60 min psycho-education |
-Memory -Psychomotor speed -Mental flexibility -Verbal fluency |
Improvements in PD-CR: -Verbal memory |
| Cerasa et al., 2014 [40] | 15 PD 8 PD-CR 7 PD-CG |
Age: 61.1 PD-CR 58.3 PD-CG Years of education: 8 PD-CR 8 PD-CG |
1–3 | CR: “Rehacom” CG: Simple visuomotor coordination tapping task (Computer) |
Group (CR) + Individual (CG) | 6 weeks 2 times/week 60 min/session |
-Attention -Information processing task |
Improvements in PD-CR: -Attention/ Processing speed -Working memory Increased functional brain activity: -Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex -Superior left parietal cortex |
| Costa et al., 2014 [41] | 17 PD-MCI 9 PD-CR 8 PD-CG |
Age: 66.1 PD-CR 70.9 PD-CG Years of education: 11.2 PD-CR 10.6 PD-CG |
1–3 | CR: Cognitive change training CG: Breathing training (Paper) |
- | 4 weeks 3 times/week 45 min/session |
-Shifting abilities (Verbal fluency and Trail Making Test) | Improvements in PD-CR: -Verbal fluency -Trail Making Test -Prospective memory procedures |
| Peña et al., 2014 [42] | 42 PD 20 PD-CR 22 PD-ACG |
Age: 67.7 PD-CR 68.1 PD-ACG Years of education: 10.5 PD-CR 10.2 PD-ACG |
1–3 | CR: “REHACOP” ACG: Occupational activities (Paper) |
Group | 39 sessions 13 weeks 2 times/week 60 min/session |
-Attention -Memory -Language -Executive functions -Social cognition -Processing speed |
Improvements in PD-CR: -Processing speed -Visual memory -Social cognition -Functional disability |
| Petrelli et al., 2014 [43] | 65 PD 22 PD-NV 22 PD-MF 21 PD-CG |
Age: 69.2 PD-NV 68.8 PD-MF 69.1 PD-CG Years of education: 13.1 PD-NV 13.6 PD-MF 12.8 PD-CG |
1–3 | NV: “NEUROvitalis” (Computer) MF: “Mentally fit” (Paper) |
Group + Individual | 12 sessions 6 weeks 2 times/week 90 min/session |
NV -Attention -Verbal memory -Visual memory -Executive functions MF -Attention -Memory -Creativity |
Improvements in PD-NV versus PD-CG: -Working memory -Verbal memory Improvements in PD-MF versus PD-CG: -Depressive symptoms Improvements in PD-NV versus PD-MF: -Working memory |
| Angelucci et al., 2015 [44] | 15 PD-MCI 7 PD-CR 8 PD-CG |
Age: 67.6 PD-CR 71.9 PD-CG Years of education: 11.7 PD-CR 10.6 PD-CG |
- | CR: Cognitive change training CG: Simple cognitive tests (Paper) |
- | 12 sessions 4 weeks 3 times/week 45 min/session |
-Executive functions | Improvements in PD-CR: -Executive functions |
| Fellman et al., 2018 [45] | 52 PD 26 PD-CR 26 PD-ACG |
Age: 64.8 PD-CR 65.5 PD-ACG Years of education: 5.3 PD-CR 5.5 PD-ACG |
- | CR: Working memory ACG: Online quiz task “Älypää” (Computer) |
Home | 3 weeks 3 times/week 30 min/session |
-Working memory | Improvements in PD-CR: -Working memory -Depressive symptoms |
| Bernini et al., 2020 [46] | 53 PD 18 PD-CCT 12 PD-PCT 18 PD-CG |
Age: 74.6 PD-CCT 69.8 PD-PCT 69.3 PD-CG Years of education: 9.5 PD-CCT 8.0 PD-PCT 7.6 PD-CG |
≤3 | CCT: “CoRe” (Computer) PCT: “CoRe” (Paper) CG: Unstructured activities |
Group | 3 weeks 4 times/week 45 min/session |
-Logical executive functions -Attention/processing speed -Working memory -Episodic long-term memory |
Improvements in PD-CCT versus PD-PCT: -Global cognition Improvements in PD-CCT versus CG: -Global cognition -Attention/processing speed |
| Ophey et al., 2020 [47] | 75 PD 37 PD-CR 38 PD-CG |
Age: 64.0 PD-CR 63.8 PD-CG Years of education: 15.0 PD-CR 15.5 PD-CG |
2–3 | CR: “NeuroNation” (Computer) |
Individual + home | 5 weeks 5 times/week 30 min/session |
-Working memory | Improvements in PD-CR: -No improvements Assesment after 3 months: -Verbal working memory -Visuoconstructive abilities |
PD = Parkinson’s disease; CR = cognitive rehabilitation; ACG = active control group; CCT = computer cognitive training; PCT = paper-pencil cognitive training; CG = control group; H&Y = Hoehn and Yahr scale; MCI = Mild cognitive impairment