Fig. 4.

African hominid oral taxa cluster phylogenetically by host genus. Selected neighbor-joining SNP-based phylogenetic cladograms of representative core oral microbiome genomes from deep-sequenced calculus metagenomes (SI Appendix, section S6.6). Actinomyces and Tannerella trees are rooted on the branch leading to howler monkeys (Alouatta, blue), Fretibacterium tree is midpoint rooted. Positions refer to non-N nucleotide calls in the alignment. Node values represent node support out of 100 bootstrap replicates. Asterisk (*) represents the Upper Paleolithic individual from El Mirón (EMN001), which consistently falls near Neanderthal individuals. The remaining eight trees, with tip labels, are provided in SI Appendix, Fig. S11.