Table 2. Analysis of the predicted effect of different variables on progression of prostate cancer using Cox proportional hazards regression on univariate and multivariable analysis.

Data presented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables, or count (percentage) for categorical variables. P-values are based on Chi-square test or independent t-test

CI = confidence interval; DDP4 = dipeptidyl peptidase-4

Variable	Progression of prostate cancer
	Univariate analysis			Multivariable analysis
	Hazard ratio	95% CI	P-Value	Hazard ratio	95% CI	P-Value
Age ≤65 years	1.8	1.21-2.68	0.004	1.88	1.26-2.80	0.002
White race	0.8	0.52-1.22	0.298
Stage IV cancer	2.49	1.66-3.72	<0.001	2.59	1.73-3.89	<0.001
Use of surgery	0.69	0.46-1.03	0.068
Use of radiation	0.59	0.39-0.89	0.012	0.56	0.37-0.84	0.006
DPP4 inhibitor use	1.01	0.64-1.61	0.955