Table 7.
Compounds | Fresh By-Product (µg/g d.w.) | Dry By-Product (µg/g d.w.) |
---|---|---|
Sum of phenolic compounds | 6344.0 ± 3.6 | 4737.6 ± 4.4 |
Phenolic Acids | 3087.5 ± 0.2 | 2891.1 ± 2.4 |
Norbergenin | 383.5 ± 0.5 | 340.4 ±0.7 |
Caffeoylglycolic acid methyl ester isomer a | 201.8 ± 0.1 | 284.2 ± 0.7 |
Caffeoylglycolic acid methyl ester isomer b | 133.36 ± 0.04 | 178.2 ± 0.1 |
Caffeic acid 3-O-glucuronide | 218.9 ± 0.3 | 128.6 ± 0.7 |
Caffeoylmalic Acid isomer a | 127.9 ± 0.6 | 99.5 ± 0.4 |
Caffeoylmalic Acid isomer b | 109.5 ± 0.1 | 77.6 ± 0.1 |
2-(E)-O-Feruloyl-D-galactaric acid isomer a | 378.8 ± 0.5 | 463.0 ± 0.04 |
2-(E)-O-Feruloyl-D-galactaric acid isomer b | 575.6 ± 0.3 | 416.3 ± 0.4 |
2-(E)-O-Feruloyl-D-galactaric acid isomer c | 313.2 ± 0.2 | 564.0 ± 0.9 |
Ferulic acid O-glucoside | 235.3 ± 0.7 | 48.73 ± 0.1 |
Feruloyl Isocitric acid isomer a | 195.2 ± 0.7 | 170.66 ± 0.4 |
Feruloyl isocitric acid isomer b | 16.9 ± 0.03 | 11.2 ± 0.2 |
Sinapic acid O-glucoside | 183.5 ± 0.4 | 14.9 ± 0.1 |
Sinapinic acid-O-glucuronide | 14.0 ± 0.5 | 93.7 ± 0.1 |
Flavonoids | 3256.5 ± 3.4 | 1846.5 ± 2.0 |
Cynaroside A | 13.1 ± 0.3 | 6.1 ± 0.1 |
Rutin isomer a | 57.8 ± 0.3 | 73.6 ± 0.1 |
Rutin isomer b | 22.0 ± 0.1 | 49.8 ± 0.05 |
Prunin | 122.5 ± 0.4 | 35.4 ± 0.01 |
Quercitrin | 1.2 ± 0.2 | <LOQ |
Eriocitrin | 24.6 ± 0.1 | 17.5 ± 0.4 |
Narirutin | 799.4 ± 0.5 | 319.6 ± 0.4 |
Hesperidin | 894.8 ± 0.5 | 320.2 ± 0.5 |
α-glucosyl Hesperidin | 23.8 ± 0.1 | 19.0 ± 0.1 |
Neohesperidin | <LOQ | <LOQ |
Didymin | 146.3 ± 0.2 | 72.8 ± 0.2 |
Naringin 6″-malonate | <LOQ | <LOQ |
Naringin hydrate | 35.1 ± 0.2 | 51.7 ± 0.2 |
Dihydroisorhamnetin 7-rutinoside | 8.4 ± 0.2 | 10.1 ± 0.06 |
Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isomer a | 135.4 ± 0.6 | 116.6 ± 0.3 |
Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isomer b | 10.6 ± 0.1 | 8.0 ± 0.0005 |
Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isomer c | 54.6 ± 0.1 | 48.9 ± 0.002 |
Vitexin-O-pentoside isomer a | 72.2 ± 0.5 | 68.61 ± 0.27 |
Vitexin-O-pentoside isomer b | 111.5 ± 0.01 | 94.6 ± 0.2 |
Apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside | 14.8 ± 0.1 | 9.2 ± 0.5 |
Apigenin-di-C-hexoside (Vicenin-2) isomer a | 570.7 ± 0.9 | 318.3 ± 0.4 |
Apigenin-di-C-hexoside (Vicenin-2) isomer b | <LOQ | <LOQ |
Apigenin-di-C-hexoside (Vicenin-2) isomer c | 7.7 ± 0.2 | 13.7 ± 0.1 |
Apigenin-di-C-hexoside (Vicenin-2) isomer d | 22.3 ± 0.1 | 16.3 ± 0.1 |
Apigenin-di-C-hexoside (Vicenin-2) isomer e | <LOQ | <LOQ |
Luteolin-C-hexoside-C-pentoside isomer a | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
Luteolin-C-hexoside-C-pentoside isomer b | 3.8 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.02 |
Kaempferol 3-[2″-glucosyl-6″-acetyl-galactoside] 7-glucoside isomer a | 24.6 ± 0.3 | 16.0 ± 0.004 |
Kaempferol 3-[2″-glucosyl-6″-acetyl-galactoside] 7-glucoside isomer b | 16.9 ± 0.7 | 12.3 ± 0.04 |
Kaempferol-dihexosyl acetate | <LOQ | <LOQ |
Kaempferol 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl) glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside | <LOQ | <LOQ |
Kaempferol 3-apiosyl-(1->4)-rhamnoside-7-rhamnoside | <LOQ | <LOQ |
kaempferol 3-O-[3″,6″-di-O-(E)-cinnamoyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside | 0.7 ± 0.06 | 0.3 ± 0.002 |
Kaempferol 3-O-sinapoyl-caffeoyl-sophoroside 7-O-glucoside isomer a | <LOQ | <LOQ |
Kaempferol 3-O-sinapoyl-caffeoyl-sophoroside 7-O-glucoside isomer b | <LOQ | <LOQ |
Kaempferol 3-O-feruloyl-caffeoyl-sophoroside 7-O-glucoside isomer c | <LOQ | <LOQ |
Quercetin-O-dihexoside | <LOQ | <LOQ |
Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-Glucoside | <LOQ | <LOQ |
Demethylnobiletin | n.d. | <LOQ |
3′,4′-Didemethylnobiletin | <LOQ | <LOQ |
Naringenin | 11.5 ± 0.02 | 9.4 ± 0.009 |
Pectolinarigenin | <LOQ | <LOQ |
Isosakuranetin | n.d. | <LOQ |
Unknown flavonoid | 60.3 ± 0.1 | 125.8 ± 0.5 |
n.d.: non-detected; LOQ: Limit of quantification.