Table 1. Characteristics of study population stratified by AKD stages.
| Variables | AKD stage 0 n = 1395 (54.6%) |
AKD stage 1 n = 433 (16.9%) |
AKD stage 2–3 n = 728 (28.5%) |
P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age(years) | 53.3 ± 16.0 | 54.4 ± 17.0 | 56.0 ± 16.9a | 0.002 |
| Age group, | <0.001 | |||
| 15–64 years | 1033 (74.1%) | 300 (69.3%) | 480 (65.9%)a | |
| ≥ 65 years | 362 (25.9%) | 133 (30.7%) | 248 (34.1%)a | |
| Male | 847 (60.7%) | 294 (67.9%)a | 462 (63.5%) | 0.023 |
| ICU admission | 437 (31.3%) | 130 (30.0%) | 254 (34.9%) | 0.147 |
| AKI stageb,c | <0.001 | |||
| 1 | 830 (59.5%) | 102 (23.6%) | 39 (5.4%) | |
| 2 | 383 (27.5%) | 148 (34.2%) | 160 (22.0%) | |
| 3 | 182 (13.0%) | 183 (42.3%) | 529 (72.7%) | |
| AKI type | <0.001 | |||
| CA-AKI | 525 (37.6%) | 239 (55.2%)a | 345 (47.4%)a,d | |
| HA-AKI | 870 (62.4%) | 194 (44.8%)a | 383 (52.6%)a,d | |
| AKI classificationb | <0.001 | |||
| Pre-renal | 996 (71.4%) | 250 (57.7%) | 416 (57.1%) | |
| Intrinsic-renal | 213 (15.3%) | 124 (28.6%) | 224 (30.8%) | |
| Post-renal | 85 (3.3%) | 35 (8.1%) | 50 (6.9%) | |
| Unclassified | 101 (7.2%) | 24 (5.5%) | 38 (5.2%) | |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 449 (32.2%) | 151 (34.9%) | 284 (39.0%)a | 0.007 |
| Diabetes | 251 (18.0%) | 86 (19.9%) | 148 (20.3%) | 0.374 |
| CKD | 37 (2.7%) | 33 (7.6%)a | 34 (4.7%) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 35 (2.5%) | 22 (5.1%) | 39 (5.4%)b | 0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 197 (14.1%) | 81 (18.7%) | 144 (19.8%)b | 0.002 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 186 (13.3%) | 56 (12.9%) | 90 (12.4%) | 0.819 |
| Chronic liver disease | 327 (23.4%) | 107 (24.7%) | 221 (30.4%)a | 0.002 |
| Cancer | 402 (28.8%) | 85 (19.6%)a | 156 (21.4%)a | <0.001 |
| Sepsis | 97 (7.0%) | 43 (9.9%) | 108 (14.8%)a | <0.001 |
| CCI (≥2) | 764 (54.8%) | 240 (55.4%) | 448 (61.5%)a | 0.009 |
| Organ failure (≥2) | 271 (19.4%) | 131 (30.3%)a | 310 (42.6%)a,d | <0.001 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Anemia, | 353 (25.3%) | 150 (34.6%)a | 293 (40.2%)a | <0.001 |
| Hypoalbuminemia | 283 (20.3%) | 137 (31.6%)a | 267 (36.7%)a | <0.001 |
| Proteinuria | 142 (10.3%) | 92 (21.4%)a | 165 (23.0%)a | <0.001 |
| Hyperuricemia | 459 (32.9%) | 233 (53.8%)a | 435 (59.8%)a | <0.001 |
| Baseline SCr (µmol/L) | 73.6 ± 24.9 | 89.6 ± 34.5a | 85.2 ± 25.6a,d | <0.001 |
| Hospital operation | ||||
| Cardiovascular Surgery | 105 (7.5%) | 26 (6.0%) | 55 (7.6%) | 0.535 |
| Mechanical Ventilation | 213 (15.3%) | 93 (21.5%)a | 210 (28.8%)a,d | <0.001 |
| Hospital stay (d) | 15 (9–22) | 16 (10–26)a | 15 (10–25)a | <0.001 |
Notes.
- AKD
- acute kidney disease
- ICU
- intensive care unit
- AKI
- acute kidney injury
- CA-AKI
- community-acquired acute kidney injury
- HA-AKI
- hospital-acquired acute kidney injury
- CKD
- chronic kidney disease
- CCI
- Charlson comorbidity index
- SCr
- serum creatinine
*
Comparison was made among AKD stage 0, 1 and 2–3.
a
p < 0.05 compared with AKD stage 0.
b
Overall P < 0.05 compared with AKD stage 0 in both AKD stage 1 and AKD stage 2–3.
c
Overall P < 0.05 between AKD stage 1 and AKD stage 2–3.
d
p < 0.05 compared with AKD stage 1.