Table 1.

Participant characteristics for junior female (n = 26), senior female (n = 23), junior male (n = 19), and senior male (n = 23) TeamGym athletes presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with the exception for training time that is presented as median and interquartile range.

		Females	Males	Combined	Test statistic	P-value	ES
Age (years)	J	15.4 ± 0.9	15.6 ± 0.8	15.5 ± 0.9	-	−	−
	S	20.0 ± 3.0	20.6 ± 3.2	20.3 ± 3.1	-	−	−
Body height (cm)	J	163.3 ± 5.8	174.3 ± 5.3	167.9 ± 7.8	#F1,87 = 109.0	<0.001	0.56
	S	163.8 ± 4.9	176.1 ± 5.1	170.0 ± 7.9	$F1,87 = 1.2	0.282	0.01
					£F1,87 = 0.3	0.561	0.00
BM (kg)	J	57.8 ± 6.3	65.7 ± 7.1*§	61.1 ± 7.7	#F1,87 = 69.0	<0.001	0.44
	S	59.4 ± 6.5	74.9 ± 6.9	67.2 ± 10.3	$F1,87 = 14.9	<0.001	0.15
					£F1,87 = 7.3	0.008	0.08
BMI (kg·m−2)	J	21.6 ± 1.5	21.6 ± 2.1*§§	21.6 ± 1.8	#F1,87 = 7.9	0.006	0.08
	S	22.1 ± 1.8	24.1 ± 1.3	23.1 ± 1.9	$F1,87 = 17.2	<0.001	0.16
					£F1,87 = 8.1	0.006	0.09
Training volume (h·week−1)	J	13 (12–15)	14 (12–16)	13 (12–15)	#U = 949	0.519	−0.07
	S	14 (14–15)	15 (14–17)	15 (14–16)	$U = 738	0.017	−0.25

BM, body mass; BMI, body mass index; J, juniors; S, seniors. F-values, P-values, and effect sizes (ES), partial eta squared effect size (${\eta }_{\text{p}}^2$), were obtained by a two-way ANOVA.

^#Main effect for sex.

^$Main effect for age group.

^£Main effect for interaction between sex and age group. In case of a significant interaction effect, a within-sex-group comparison of J vs. S was performed with an independent t-test. For training time, U-values, P-values, and effect sizes (R) were obtained by a Mann-Whitney U-test.

^*§significantly different from male seniors (P < 0.001, Hedges' g effect size [H_g] = −1.29).

^*§§significantly different from male seniors (P < 0.001, H_g = −1.43).