Table 4.

Overview of the main studies dealing with the pesticides exposures of military personnel.

Pollutant	Sample Size	Time after Exposure	Solider Nationality	Exposure Site (Operation Theater)	Environmental Monitoring (Exposure)	Biomarkers (Early Biological Effect)	Biomarker Description	Early Clinical Effect	Late Clinical Effect	References
Pesticides	187	Day 0, 14, and 28 of the wearing period, and 28 days after termination	Germany	Germany	Permethrin concentration in uniforms: 1300 mg/m2	Exposure biomarker in urines	Permethrin metabolites: cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid (cis-DCCA), trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid (trans-DCCA), and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)	-	-	[55,56]
	549 (Study I); 195 (Study II)	Before wearing uniforms, after 14 days, after 28 days of wearing, and 28 days after cessation of wearing uniform	Germany	Two sub-cohorts in Germany and one in Afghanistan	Permethrin concentration in uniforms: 0.13 mg/cm2	Exposure biomarker in urines	Permethrin metabolites: cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA 3-PBA	-	-	[57]
	224	-	United States	Iraq/Afghanistan	-	-	-	-	Chronic multisymptom illness.	[58]