. 2021 May 3;99(5):skab137. doi: 10.1093/jas/skab137

Table 4.

ATTD of dogs fed diets with differing levels of Bacillus coagulans estimated by TFC and TiO₂ as dietary marker methods

	Treatment¹
Nutrient	CON	PEX	PCL	PCM	PCH	SEM	P-value²
TFC method
Dry matter, %	81.21	80.78	80.28	81.51	81.30	0.565	0.3023
Organic matter, %	85.36	85.36	84.78	86.06	85.41	0.476	0.1656
Crude protein, %	83.54	83.13	83.13	84.10	83.15	0.521	0.3620
Crude fat, %	92.55^x	90.74^y	91.71^xy	91.97^xy	91.87^xy	1.862	0.0783
Ash, %	41.67^ab	40.43^ab	38.79^b	31.60^c	45.05^a	1.527	<0.0001
Gross energy, %	83.81	82.84	83.41	82.66	83.54	0.476	0.1938
Marker method
Dry matter, %	79.04^b	79.45^b	78.65^b	78.75^b	81.77^a	0.718	0.0034
Organic matter, %	83.67^b	84.36^ab	83.51^b	84.01^ab	85.79^a	0.553	0.0101
Crude protein, %	81.64	81.95	81.70	81.77	83.60	0.547	0.0743
Crude fat, %	91.69	90.28	90.96	90.85	91.69	2.097	0.1981
Ash, %	34.94^b	36.23^b	33.76^b	31.06^c	46.31^a	2.506	<0.0001
Gross energy, %	81.94^ab	81.66^b	82.03^ab	80.08^b	83.96^a	0.595	0.0002

¹CON, control; PEX, DFM applied before extrusion; DFM applied as coating at low dose; PCM, DFM applied as coating at moderate dose; PCH, DFM applied as coating at high dose.

²P-value represents type 3 test of fixed effects for diet.

^a–cMeans within a row with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05).

^x,yMeans within a row with different superscripts differ (P < 0.10).