Table 1.

Characteristics of commercially available natural bone graft and substitute materials.

Material Type	Product Name	Material Source	Forms Available	Clinical Applications	Advantages	Limitations	Type of Study and Outcome	Reference
Cortical Allograft	MinerOss CorticalTM	Mineralized cortical allograft	Fresh, frozen, freeze-dried Whole bone segments, block, pieces	Alveolar ridge augmentation Periodontal osseous defects Sinus augmentation	Osteoconduction Osseointegration Avoids donor site morbidity	Risk of disease transmission Immunogenicity	Clinical trial Bone formation 6 months following sinus augmentation procedures. Average of 3.5 mm horizontal ridge width gain, 4 months following placement of FDBA	[21,22]
Cancellous Allograft	MinerOss CancellousTM	Mineralized cancellous allograft	Fresh, frozen, freeze-dried Chips, wedges, pegs, powder	Cleft repair	Osteoconduction Osteoinduction Osseointegration Avoids donor site morbidity	Same as cortical allograft
Demineralised Bone Matrix	Dynagraft D PuttyTM OpteformTM Grafton DBMTM	Human DBM	Putty, moldable pastes, blocks, particulates, powder	Bony void filler Periodontal osseous defects Sinus augmentation	Osteoinduction Osteoconduction Ease of handling Low immunogenicity Avoids donor site morbidity	Poor mechanical strengths Osteoinductive potential can be affected by tissue processing and host responses	Clinical trial 50–60% resolution of periodontal intrabony defects Remineralization and new bone formation following sinus augmentation with DBM	[23,24]
Deproteinised bovine bone	BioOssTM OsteoGrafTM CeraboneTM	Bovine	Block, granules, particulates	Sinus augmentation Socket/ridge preservation Horizontal and vertical augmentation Peri-implant defects	Good osteoconduction Very similar structures and biomechanical properties to human bone Low immunogenicity	Brittle Lacks fracture toughness	Clinical Trial New bone formation, intermingled with BioOssTM particles 6-7 months following graft placement 14/14 implants placed in patients with insufficient alveolar ridge width in the maxillary lateral incisor region successfully osseo integrated and were functionally stable	[25,26]
Algae-based	AlgiporeTM	Red algae	Granules	Alveolar bony defect filler Preservation of ridge height	Osteoconduction Good resorbability Large surface area for protein adhesion Low immunogenicity Resorbability	Lack of studies investigating use in humans	Clinical trial 95% implant survival rate in atrophic maxilla grafted with Algipore 14 years following graft placement New bone formation around and within the pores of implanted AlgiporeTM particles, 7 months following graft placement	[27,28]
Coral-based	ProOsteonTM BioCoralTM InterPoreTM	Marine coral	Block, Granules	Sinus augmentation Periodontal osseous defects Restoration of alveolar ridges	Osteoconduction Good compressive strength Improved cell adhesion Low immunogenicity	Brittleness Poor resorption Low tensile strength	Clinical trial Decrease in periodontal probing depths and gingival recession 5 years following grafting with BioCoral Bone formation within, and along the walls of the pores of grafted Interpore 200TM, starting 3 months and continuing beyond 6 months following graft placement in periodontal osseous defects of three recipients	[29,30]

FDBA: freeze-dried bone allograft; DBM: demineralized bone matrix.